Is having more prerequisite knowledge better for learning from productive failure?

A critical assumption made in Kapur’s (Instr Sci 40:651–672, 2012) productive failure design is that students have the necessary prerequisite knowledge resources to generate and explore solutions to problems before learning the targeted concept. Through two quasi-experimental studies, we interrogated this assumption in the context of learning a multilevel biological concept of monohybrid inheritance. In the first study, students were either provided or not provided with prerequisite micro-level knowledge prior to the generation phase. Findings suggested that students do not necessarily have adequate prior knowledge resources, especially those at the micro-level, to generate representations and solution methods for a multilevel concept such as monohybrid inheritance. The second study examined how this prerequisite knowledge provision influenced how much students learned from the subsequent instruction. Although the prerequisite knowledge provision helped students generate and explore the biological phenomenon at the micro- and macro-levels, the provision seemingly did not confer further learning advantage to these students. Instead, they had learning gains similar to those without the provision, and further reported lower lesson engagement and greater mental effort during the subsequent instruction.     

Scaling up of Continual Professional Development for Mathematics Problem Solving in Singapore Schools

The more ambitious an educational innovation, the greater the challenge in scaling up. In this paper, we focus on the scaling up of an ambitious pedagogical practice—mathematics problem solving as a regular feature in the classroom. We adopt a long-term approach to continual professional development (CPD) that began with intensive work with one school before we broadened the programme to four other schools which span the spectrum of schools in Singapore. To evaluate this overall design, we examine the current state of each school’s capacity in sustaining mathematics problem-solving instruction. In particular, we study and report findings on these areas: the readiness of teachers, the instructional materials and supporting structures. Based on the findings, we reflect on our CPD strategies and our theory of action which guided the CPD programme.

     

«Si quieres avanzar,hazte con una teoria»

Resumen

Aunque las investigaciones de Ginebra han proporcionado un análisis detallado de las estructuras cognitivas, nuestro conocimiento de los procesos cognitivos sigue siendo fragmentario. El interés se centra ahora no sólo en el macro-desarrollo sino también en los cambios que tienen lugar en las secuencias de acción espontánea de los niños en microformación. Están en marcha una serie de experimentos diseñados con el fin de estudiar la conducta dirigida hacia una meta. Este artículo describe las secuencias de acción de 67 sujetos entre 4;6 y 9;5 años en una tarea de equilibrio de bloques. No es un estudio de la comprensión de una noción específica por parte de los niños, sino un intento por abrir el camino a la comprensión de los procesos más generales de la conducta cognitiva. El análisis se centra en la interacción entre las secuencias de acción de el niño y sus teorías implícitas, que el observador infiere a partir de las secuencias más que de sus comentarios verbales. Se pone énfasis en el papel de los contraejemplos y en los desplazamientos de la atención desde el fin a los medios. La construcción y la sobregeneralización de «teorías-en-acción» parecen ser procesos generales y dinámicos que no están vinculados a ningún estadio. Los resultados sugieren también ciertas analogías, más funcionales que estructurales, entre la adquisición del conocimiento físico y la adquisición del lenguaje.     

Developing Progress Files: A case study

This paper reports the development of a progress file, a tool to promote learning, planning and the recording of achievement, for dental therapists in training and professional practice. Progress files are to become obligatory in higher education in the United Kingdom. The aims of the file, its development and the naturalistic approach taken to evaluation are described; the outcomes are analysed. A number of potential challenges posed by progress files for teaching, learning, assessment, curriculum and policy development in the United Kingdom, and for researching these challenges, are highlighted. Issues relating to employment, self-appraisal, lifelong learning and reflection in learning are considered. The desirability of a discipline or professionally-based file, and for acceptance of flexibility in intent, length and usage of such devices is posited.