Pastoral Care, Spirituality and Physical Education

Within the sphere of Physical Education (PE), many observers ( Shields and Bredemeier, 1995; Capel, 2003; Green, 2003 ) have identified PE staff as having a special empathy for children's pastoral care needs and the development of Personal, Social, and Health Education (PSHE). Such factors as the varied situations and venues in which the subject is delivered, including off-campus and extra curricular activities, perhaps lead interested staff into work that locks into the welfare and personal development needs of children. Accordingly, one of the more interesting challenges posed by National Curriculum Physical Education (NCPE) in England and Wales is that it requires the teacher to address the spiritual development of the pupil; this obligation is made clear through the Spiritual, Moral, Social and Cultural (SMSC) elements of the subject. This paper focuses attention on the merging of this separate spiritual dimension with the other three concepts. While the moral, social and cultural elements of SMSC are recognized components of PE participation, the grouping raises the question of whether PE teachers can develop children's spiritual growth. This paper argues that such a pathway may be possible but that at present there is considerable confusion related to the challenge.     

Improving Students' Learning by Developing their Understanding of Assessment Criteria and Processes

This paper reports the findings of a two-year research project focused on developing students' understanding of assessment criteria and the assessment process through a structured intervention involving both tacit and explicit knowledge transfer methods. The nature of the intervention is explained in detail, and the outcomes are analysed and discussed. The conclusions drawn from the evidence are that student learning can be improved significantly through such an intervention, and that this improvement may last over time and be transferable, at least within similar contexts. This work is a development within a longer and ongoing research project into criterion-referenced assessment tools and processes which has been undertaken in the pursuit of a conceptually sound and functional assessment framework that would promote and encourage common standards of assessment; that project is also summarised.     

浙江平阳新罗庙记录和现状

在浙江平阳地区广泛流传着很久以前的有关新罗神的记录。该记录的内容是新罗太子坐船渡海,在前往唐朝的海上溺水身亡。后来传说新罗太子在这一地区显灵,当地的人们建了神庙,把他作为神供奉了起来。元朝朝廷赐了忠义灵济威惠广佑圣王的封号。这些记录被收入在有关平阳的各种地方志和古文献中。在平阳地区有很多和新罗神有关的遗址和寺观,即位于平阳县昆阳镇南侧的新罗山、新罗山山顶附近从前新罗庙的遗迹、位于坡南街的以前新罗庙灵护庙的遗址、在汇头新罗山山麓重建的新罗太子观、在鳌江下厂重建的新罗庙、塘外净念禅寺的太子亭遗址和供奉着新罗太子夫妇像的斋室。今天,平阳的人们仍前往新罗太子观或新罗殿,虔诚地参拜新罗神。