An Optometry Librarian’s Vision: Improved Student Scholarly Communication

Health profession students benefit academically, clinically, and professionally when they acquire the writing skills necessary for scholarly communication. The purpose of this article is to discuss how a solo, embedded health science librarian spearheaded collaborative efforts and contributed to the creation of a scaffolded writing program within the existing optometry curriculum. The article includes a discussion of the opportunities, challenges, and outcomes of this writing endeavor.     

Socialization and situational influences on sustained altruism

In this conceptual replication and extension of Rosenhan's study of civil rights activists, the sustained altruism (i.e., help that extends over time) of volunteers at a telephone crisis-counseling agency was examined. Using a prospective format, it was predicted that volunteers with a socialization history of exposure to nurturant parents who modeled altruism (autonomous altruists) would exhibit a greater degree of sustained altruism than those with a history of less nurturant parents who modeled altruism to a lesser degree (normative altruists). The altruism of the normative volunteers, however, was expected to increase given certain situational conditions (here, participation in a highly cohesive training group prior to the actual volunteer activity). As predicted, the rate of sustained altruism of normative volunteers in highly cohesive groups was increased to a level comparable to that of autonomous volunteers, while the altruism of autonomous volunteers was not affected by the training group experience. The implications of these findings for research on altruism and its development, as well as some applications to volunteerism, are discussed.     

THE ARMY WAY: EFFECTIVE TRAINING WITH TELEVISION.

This paper is an abbreviated version of the co‐authors’ presentation at the Association's Annual Conference in Manchester, 1978. It offers some points for discussion in the debate on how to influence lecturers and trainers to have a new approach to learning, involving a better use of television facilities. We attempt to show how television took its place in army training in both the United States and British Armies, and though a cost‐effective and useful aid in its own right, it also played a part in influencing trainers towards a new training attitude. The US Army has been involved in this field ten years longer than the British Army and thus, because of its experience and size has interesting figures to support the case that may be made for its approach to training and development. This could be an important indication for training methods in a wide range of contexts in the future.     

Keeping modern amid changing times: The bobbsey twins—1904, 1950, 1961

Three early Bobbsey twins books were revised in 1950 and again in the early 1960s. Some of the changes made over the years merely substitute more up-to-date objects for those that contemporary children would not recognize. Others, however, reflect attitudinal changes toward racial differences, religion, government, community, and lifestyles. Deidre Johnson is a graduate student in American Studies at the University of Minnesota, where she is completing a dissertation on Edward Stratemeyer's boys' fiction. She has published several articles on dime novels and series books and is the author ofStratemeyer Pseudonyms and Series Books: An Annotated Checklist of Stratemeyer & Stratemeyer Syndicate Publications (Greenwood, 1983).     

有其父必有其子

不久前去世的美国前总统福特是一位伟大的总统,在美国被称作"好好先生",他曾经多次访问过中国,2007年1月8日发表在美国《基督教箴言报》上的这篇文章讲述了作者Kathleen与福特总统儿子间的趣事。不久前去世的美国前总统福特是一位伟大的总统,在美国被称作"好好先生",他曾经多次问过中国,2007年1月8日发表在美国《基督教箴言报》上的这篇文章讲述了作者Kathleen与福总统儿子间的趣事。     

Social Class Effects on Northeastern Brazilian Children's Conceptions of Areas of Personal Choice and Social Regulation

2 studies examined middle- and lower-class Brazilian children's concepts of personal choice and social regulation. In Study 1, interviews of 40 middle- and lower-class children (9 and 15 years old) revealed that children across classes distinguished moral from conventional issues on the bases of rule contingency and act generalizability criteria. Lower-class children, however, were less likely to view conventions as rule contingent and more likely to generalize conventional acts. In Study 2, interviews of 240 middle- and lower-class children (ages 8, 12, 16 years) found that across classes, children distinguished prudential issues from matters they treated as personal. Prudential issues were seen as subject to parental authority. Middle-class children were more likely to treat personal issues as matters of choice. With age, lower-class children increasingly tended to treat personal items as matters of choice, and by adolescence there were no class differences. Findings show that Brazilian children maintain a heterogeneous orientation to rules and authority which includes a domain of personal choice. Class differences indicate that hierarchical social structures affect children's sense of autonomy. However, developmental effects indicate that a domain of personal choice emerges among children across social classes.     

Spatial Visualization of Human Anatomy through Art Using Technical Drawing Exercises

Spatial visualization, the ability to mentally rotate three-dimensional (3D) images, plays a significant role in anatomy education. This study examines the impact of technical drawing exercises on the improvement of spatial visualization and anatomy education in a Neuroscience course. First-year medical students (n = 84) were randomly allocated into a control group (n = 41) or art-training group (n = 43). Variables including self-reported artistic drawing ability, previous technical drawing experience, or previous anatomy laboratory exposure were gathered. Participants who self-identified as artistic individuals were equally distributed between the two groups. Students in the art-training group attended four 1-hour sessions to solve technical drawing worksheets. All participants completed two Mental Rotations Tests (MRT), which were used to assess spatial visualization. Data were also collected from two neuroscience written examinations and an anatomical “tag test” practical examination. Participants in the art-training and control groups improved on the MRT. The mean of written examination two was significantly higher (P = 0.007) in the art-training group (12.95) than the control group (11.48), and higher (P = 0.027) in those without technical drawing experience (12.44) than those with (11.00). The mean of the anatomical practical was significantly higher (P = 0.010) in those without artistic ability (46.24) than those with (42.00). These results suggest that completing technical drawing worksheets may aid in solving anatomy-based written examination questions on complex brain regions, but further research is needed to determine its implication on anatomy practical scores. These results propose a simple method of improving spatial visualization in anatomy education.     

All are Worthy to Know the Earth: Henry De la Beche and the Origin of Geological Literacy

Henry T. De la Beche (1796–1855) began his geological career within an elite circle (Geological Society of London, 1817; FRS, 1819), collaborating with influential gentlemen geologists and publishing original research. When his independent income dwindled, De la Beche managed to secure governmental funding for his mapping projects. This led to recognition of the Geological Ordnance Survey (1835) with De la Beche as director. However, De la Beche’s most influential role emerged from his unique position of successfully bridging the privileged circle of gentlemen geologists and the working class of emerging professionals. Henry De la Beche advocated education and knowledge of the Earth for all social classes. He used his government influence to lobby for the establishment of facilities and organizations dedicated to geology’s growing professionalization and popularization. The Museum of Practical Geology, School of Mines, and Mining Records Office were founded largely through his efforts, and each included educational components. De la Beche believed that geological instruction should transcend social boundaries, and thus he was an early advocate for the instruction of lower classes. Henry De la Beche can be acknowledged as an early champion of geological literacy for the general population.     

A mixed methods analysis of the effects of an integrative geobiological study of petrified wood in introductory college geology classrooms

Mixed methods research conducted across three semesters in introductory college geology classes (n = 187, 190, 138) attempted to ascertain whether integrated study of petrified wood could serve as a portal to improved student geobiological understanding of fossilization, geologic time, and evolution. The Petrified Wood Survey? was administered as a preinstructional and postinstructional assessment in control and experimental classes; the experimental class received integrated petrified wood instruction. Paired t tests of differences in students' pre‐ and postinstructional scores for control and experimental groups revealed significance (α = 0.05, effect size = 0.79, confidence interval 0.56–1.01). The students with integrative study showed greater knowledge gains about petrified wood's abundance, properties, nature, location, and geologic time. However, understanding of fossilization geochemistry remained problematic for both groups. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 1011–1035, 2007