A Framework for Policies and Practices to Improve Test Security Programs: Prevention,Detection, Investigation,and Resolution (PDIR)

Test security is not an end in itself; it is important because we want to be able to make valid interpretations from test scores. In this article, I propose a framework for comprehensive test security systems: prevention, detection, investigation, and resolution. The article discusses threats to test security, roles and responsibilities, rigorous training for everyone involved in testing, and an evaluation of current practices in test security. I call on everyone responsible for testing programs—the Association of Test Publishers, Council of Chief State School Officers, National Council on Measurement in Education, U.S. Department of Education, and state assessment program managers, their vendors, and the research community—to collaborate on guidelines and practices for security violation prevention, detection, investigation, and resolution.     

Transmitting Faith in the Republic:Muslim Schooling in Modern Plural France

This article explores and analyzes private Muslim schooling in France using ethnographic research performed in 2013–2014 in Lille-, Lyon-, and Paris-based Muslim schools. The article discusses the course content and the interpretations of Islam that are taught, demonstrating how French republican values are fused together with Islam to promote a specific brand of French Muslim citizenship and identity. I argue that Muslim schools should be seen as part of the process of the normalization of Muslim-based civic engagement and that they represent a particular response to France's new plurality that reinterprets the boundaries of “French” and “Muslim.”