丽水市体育旅游开发研究

以文献资料法、实地调查法、专家咨询法,对丽水9县市的体育旅游资源进行调查、分析研究,认为丽水山区体育旅游资源具有"垄断性、差异性、独特性"特征.加强生态环境保护,挖掘整合丽水的人文资源,是增强丽水旅游业的生命力,开发丽水体育旅游的重要因素.     

出版社经营如何实现以财务管理为核心的思考

文化事业单位进行的如火如荼的文化体制改革将实现出版社从事业体制到企业体制的转变。大多数出版社今后的经营管理模式将完全按照企业的经营管理模式来运作,即以财务管理为核心的经营管理模式。出版社的财务信息是各类经营信息的交汇点,也是支撑其经营决策的基础,以财务管理为核心的理念,实际上早已成为出版界的共识。一、出版社的财务管理现状目前出版社的财务管理还未担负起核心的角色,建立以财务管理为核心的经营管理模式还需要走一段艰难的路。(一)目前出版社多数财务人员本身就没有对“以财务管理为核心”作好意识上和能力上的准备。…     

中国高等教育效率分析——基于31个地区的面板数据

为了科学合理地分析我国高等教育的效率，从国家统计局获取2006—2020年我国31个地区高等教育的投入与产出数据，在描述性统计分析的基础上，基于BCC和DEA-Malmquist评价模型分析投入产出效率，从区域和时间两个维度分析指数特征，并从人员结构的角度对投入数据进行细分，通过对比验证结论的可靠性。结果发现：(1)无论是绝对数量还是增长速度，各地区在高等教育投入和产出上都具有很大的差异，经济和人口大省在指标上表现较为突出。(2)广东、上海、浙江的高等教育DEA效率且Malmquist指数排名靠前，成为我国高等教育发展的标杆地区。部分地区因规模效率而DEA无效，其他DEA无效的地区主要受纯技术效率的影响。(3)通过对比人员结构细分前后的模型计算结果，说明了DEA模型结果具有较好的一致性，且指标细分有助于进一步找出投入产出低效率的深层次原因。最后，结合主要结论和冗余分析的结果，为有针对性地提升高等教育投入产出效率、制定高等教育发展策略提供参考。     

Two components of responding in Pavlovian lick suppression

The present research examined the temporal distribution of responding in a lick suppression paradigm. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with either a 30- or a 120-s conditioned stimulus (CS), which was followed either by a footshock (unconditioned stimulus [US]) or nothing. Licking during the CS was suppressed only in the former condition. Suppression was more pronounced early in the CS. In Experiment 2, rats were exposed to two 30-s or two 120-s CSs, with delivery of the shock being contingent on CS1 for half of the animals and on CS2 for the other half. For both the paired and the unpaired conditions, suppression at the beginning of CS1 was observed for all the groups. By discounting the possibility of generalization between CS1 and CS2, it appears that this initial suppression was not a conditioned response to the CS, but an unconditioned one due to mere exposure to the shock US.     

Some determinants of second-order conditioning

In a Pavlovian conditioning situation, an initially neutral stimulus may be made excitatory by nonreinforced presentations in compound with an established conditioned excitor [i.e., second-order conditioning (SOC)]. The established excitor may be either a punctate cue or the training context. In four conditioned suppression experiments using rats, we investigated whether SOC phenomena parallel other cue interaction effects. In Experiment 1, we found that the response potential of a target stimulus was directly related to the intertrial interval when SOC was mediated by a punctate cue, and inversely related to the intertrial interval when SOC was mediated by the training context. Experiment 2 demonstrated that punctate- and context-mediated SOC are oppositely affected by posttraining context extinction, and Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that context- and punctate-mediated SOC are differentially affected by conditioned stimulus (Experiment 3) and unconditioned stimulus (Experiment 4) preexposure treatments. These findings parallel phenomena in conditioned inhibition and cue competition situations.     

Impact of brief or extended extinction of a taste aversion on inhibitory associations: Evidence from summation,retardation, and preference tests

In five conditioned taste aversion experiments with rats, summation, retardation, and preference tests were used to assess the effects of extinguishing a conditioned saccharin aversion for three or nine trials. In Experiment 1, a summation test showed that saccharin aversion extinguished over nine trials reduced the aversion to a merely conditioned flavor (vinegar), whereas three saccharin extinction trials did not subsequently influence the vinegar aversion. Experiment 2 clarified that result, with unpaired controls equated on flavor exposure prior to testing; the results with those controls suggested that the flavor extinguished for nine trials produced generalization decrement during testing. In Experiment 3, the saccharin aversion reconditioned slowly after nine extinction trials, but not after three. Those results suggested the development of latent inhibition after more than three extinction trials. Preference tests comparing saccharin consumption with a concurrently available fluid (water in Experiment 4, saline in Experiment 5) showed that the preference for saccharin was greater after nine extinction trials than after three. However, saccharin preference after nine extinction trials was not greater, as compared with that for either latent inhibition controls (Experiments 4 and 5) or a control given equated exposures to saccharin and trained to drink saline at a high rate prior to testing (Experiment 5). Concerns about whether conditioned inhibition has been demonstrated in any flavor aversion procedure are discussed. Our findings help explain both successes and failures in demonstrating postextinction conditioned response recovery effects reported in the conditioned taste aversion literature, and they can be explained using a memory interference account.     

Locus and nature of perceptual phonological deficit in Spanish children with reading disabilities

The aims of this study were (a) to determine whether Spanish children with reading disabilities (RD) show a speech perception deficit and (b) to explore the locus and nature of this perceptive deficit. A group of 29 children with RD, 41 chronological age-matched controls, and 27 reading ability-matched younger controls were tested on tasks of speech perception. The effect of linguistic unit (word vs. syllable) and type of phonetic contrast (voicing, place and manner of articulation) were analyzed in terms of the number of errors and the response time. The results revealed a speech perception deficit in Spanish children with RD that was independent of the type of phonetic contrast and of linguistic unit.     

Evaluation of a university course to promote physical activity: project GRAD

Project GRAD (Graduate Ready for Activity Daily) evaluates a university course to promote physical activity. In a randomized study, 338 university seniors participated in either an intervention or control course for academic credit, and posttest data were collected on 321. The control course was knowledge-oriented. The intervention course taught behavior change skills in weekly lectures and peer-led labs. Physical activity was assessed with 7-Day Physical Activity Recall interviews. The intervention had no significant effects on men. Among women, the intervention increased total physical activity during leisure, strengthening exercises, and flexibility exercise. This university course had the intended effects of promoting healthful patterns of physical activity among women, but no effects were observed on men, who were more active than women at baseline.