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Generic noun phrases (e.g., "Bats live in caves") are important for expressing knowledge about abstract kinds. Past work has found that parents frequently use generic noun phrases in their speech to young children. However, little is known regarding how children understand these expressions, nor which cues signal generic meaning. The present set of 5 studies examined the influence of linguistic form class (e.g., "What color are dogs?" [generic] versus "What color are the dogs?" [nongeneric]) and of pragmatic context (e.g., "What color are they?" in the presence of either a single exemplar [generic] or multiple exemplars [nongeneric]). Participants were 2-year-olds (N = 42), 3-year-olds (N = 40), 4-year-olds (N = 40), and adults (N = 51). The data indicate that by 2 years of age, children use linguistic form class, and by 3 years of age, children use pragmatic context. These findings demonstrate that young children have begun to understand the distinction between generic and nongeneric noun phrases from a very young age, and that identification of generics is signaled not by formal or pragmatic cues alone, but by a combination of information from both language form and pragmatic context. It is suggested that children make use of multiple linguistic and conceptual cues to acquire and interpret generics. 相似文献
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T R Shankar Raman 《Resonance》1996,1(7):52-61
Deer are some of the commonest, most visible, and attractive mammals in many forests and grasslands of India. They display a fascinating variety in their antlers, social systems, herd-forming behaviour, and ecology. Unfortunately, several factors have brought some species to the brink of extinction today. 相似文献
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B. Raman V. Ramachandran M.O. Ahmad M.N.S. Swamy 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1982,313(6):353-372
This paper discusses a multivariable array whose elements are multivariable homogeneous polynomials which may have missing terms in any of the variables. This array permits one to obtain conditions for the realizability of a driving-point function or a transfer function as a resistively terminated low-pass ladder network. By reac- tance transformations, other forms of ladder structures can be obtained. The case of cascade-separable ladder networks is discussed in detail. 相似文献
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B. Venkata Raman D. N. Rao T. M. Radhakrishnan 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2004,19(1):105-109
Enteromorpha compressa a marine green algal species grows extensively in North coastal Andhra Pradesh. Besides its nutritional importance it has
also been identified as source of anti-anaphylactic compound(s).E. compressa extracts alleviated the IgE levels raised against ovalbumin and other allergens in mice. Further,Enteromorpha extract also significantly down regulated the serum IgE levels in different murine models irrespective of their genetic background.
The results obtained in this study suggest thatE. compressa extract has compound(s), which inhibit IgE immune response and may have potential in curing various types of allergies. 相似文献
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Wang JP Raman H Zhang GP Mendham N Zhou MX 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2006,7(10):769-787
Aluminium (Al) toxicity is one of the major limiting factors for barley production on acid soils. It inhibits root cell division and elongation, thus reducing water and nutrient uptake, consequently resulting in poor plant growth and yield. Plants tolerate Al either through external resistance mechanisms, by which Al is excluded from plant tissues or internal tolerance mechanisms, conferring the ability of plants to tolerate Al ion in the plant symplasm where Al that has permeated the plas- malemma is sequestered or converted into an innocuous form. Barley is considered to be most sensitive to Al toxicity among cereal species. Al tolerance in barley has been assessed by several methods, such as nutrient solution culture, soil bioassay and field screening. Genetic and molecular mapping research has shown that Al tolerance in barley is controlled by a single locus which is located on chromosome 4H. Molecular markers linked with Al tolerance loci have been identified and validated in a range of diverse populations. This paper reviews the (1) screening methods for evaluating Al tolerance, (2) genetics and (3) mechanisms underlying Al tolerance in barley. 相似文献
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The study of parasites and their likely influence on optimal foraging and mate-selection in animals has attracted much attention
in recent times. The possible effects of parasites on the host include the manipulation of host behaviour by parasites and
the emergence of host behavioural adaptations for protecting against parasitism. Self-medication in wild animals is believed
to be the behavioural adaptation evolved primarily against parasites and associated diseases. In this article, we have briefly
reviewed some types of unusual behaviour observed inmammals, birds and insectswhich can be considered as self-medication.
Rajasekar Raman is a PhD student in the Department of Animal Behaviour and Physiology, Madurai Kamaraj University. His research
interests include behavioural ecology and conservation of bats. Presently he is studying the roosting ecology of the tentmaking
fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx.
Sripathi Kandula is a Professor in Neurophysiology, Department of Animal Behaviour and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences,
Madurai Kamaraj University. His research interests are in the fileds of echolocation, social organization, mating system,
population genetics and conservation of bats. 相似文献