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Category‐based induction is a hallmark of mature cognition; however, little is known about its origins. This study evaluated the hypothesis that category‐based induction is related to semantic development. Computational studies suggest that early on there is little differentiation among concepts, but learning and development lead to increased differentiation based on taxonomic relatedness. This study reports findings from a new task aimed to (a) examine this putative increase in semantic differentiation and (b) test whether individual differences in semantic differentiation are related to category‐based induction in 4‐ to 7‐year‐old children (N = 85). The results provide the first empirical evidence of an age‐related increase in differentiation of representations of animal concepts and suggest that category‐based induction is related to increased semantic differentiation. 相似文献
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Cuijpers P Smit F Unger F Stikkelbroek Y Ten Have M de Graaf R 《Child abuse & neglect》2011,35(11):937-945
Objectives
There is much evidence showing that childhood adversities have considerable effects on the mental and physical health of adults. It could be assumed therefore, that the disease burden of childhood adversities is high. It has not yet been examined, however, whether this is true.Method
We used data of a large representative sample (N = 7,076) of the general population in the Netherlands. We calculated the disability weight (DW) for each respondent. The DW is a weight factor that reflects the severity of a disease or condition on a scale from 0 (perfect health) to 1 (equivalent to death). We used an algorithm based on the SF-6D to estimate DW. Because the DW indicates the proportion of a healthy life year that is reduced by the specific health state of the individual, it also possible to calculate the total number of years lost due to disability (YLD) in the population. We calculated the years lived with disability (YLD) for 9 different childhood adversities (in the areas of parental psychopathology; abuse and neglect; major life events), as well as for major categories of mental disorders and general medical disorders.Results
All 9 adversities resulted in a significantly increased DW, except death of a parent before the age of 16. Adversities in the category of abuse and neglect are associated with the highest DWs (0.057), followed by parental psychopathology (0.031) and life events during childhood (0.012). All adversities (46.4% of the population reports one or more adversity) are associated with 20.7 YLD/1,000, which is more than all mental disorders together (12.9 YLD/1,000). The category of abuse/neglect has the highest YLD/1,000 (15.8), which is also higher than all mental disorders together. Adjustment for the presence of mental and general medical disorders resulted in comparable outcomes.Conclusions
Childhood adversities are more important from a public health point of view than all common mental disorders together, and should be a priority for public health interventions. 相似文献3.
XIA Qin-gui *L Oliver Chung Heidi Spitznagel Thomas Unger 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2001,(4)
INTRODUCTIONTheNa /H exchanger (NHE)isapH regulatoryproteinpresentintheplasmamem branceofcardiomyocytesandothercelltypes.AlthoughseveralisoformsofNHEhavebeende cribed,thepredominantisoformintheheartistheubiquitousNHE 1 ,whichundercentainphysiologicalconditi… 相似文献
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Zusammenfassung. Software-Entwurfsmuster sind eine intuitiv einleuchtende Idee, die viele Befürworter hat. Als Forscher dürfen wir die behaupteten
Wirkungen von Entwurfsmustern jedoch nicht einfach glauben, sondern müssen sie gründlich prüfen. Dieser Artikel beschreibt
die wichtigsten Behauptungen und entwickelt daraus zugeh?rige Forschungsfragen. Wir diskutieren die Methodik für ein Forschungsprogramm,
das die Fragen beantworten soll, und skizzieren praktische Beschr?nkungen, unter denen diese Forschung ablaufen mu?. Es folgt
eine kurze Beschreibung von drei kontrollierten Experimenten und den Hauptfolgerungen aus ihren Ergebnissen. So sollte man
zum Beispiel die Benutzung von Entwurfsmustern in einem Entwurf genau dokumentieren und Entwurfsmuster nicht einsetzen, ohne
alternative Entwürfe zu prüfen. Abschlie?end diskutieren wir ein im Rahmen des Forschungsprogramms geplantes viertes Experiment.
Der Beitrag dieses Artikels liegt vorrangig in einer Beschreibung und Diskussion wichtiger methodischer Aspekte kontrollierter
Experimente in der Softwaretechnik.
Eingegangen am 27. Oktober 1998 / Angenommen am 13. M?rz 1999 相似文献
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Tae Kyoung Lee Alan Meca Jennifer B. Unger Byron L. Zamboanga Lourdes Baezconde-Garbanati Melinda Gonzales-Backen Elma I. Lorenzo-Blanco Miguel Á. Cano Sabrina E. Des Rosiers Daniel W. Soto Juan A. Villamar Monica Pattarroyo Karina M. Lizzi José Szapocznik Seth J. Schwartz 《Child development》2020,91(1):78-95
Acculturation consists of multiple domains (i.e., cultural practices, identifications, and values). However, less is known about how acculturation processes influence each other across multiple domains of acculturation. This study was designed to investigate transition patterns of acculturative processes within and across domains in a sample of 302 recent-immigrant Hispanic adolescents, Mage (SD) = 14.51 years (0.88) at baseline; male = 53%). Adolescents were assessed six times over a 3-year period. Latent profile analyses identified two profiles (high [or increasing] vs. low) for each domain at each timepoint. We found largely stable transition patterns in each domain over six timepoints. Importantly, sequential associations among profiles in acculturation domains were also detected. Implication for acculturation theory and research are discussed. 相似文献
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Susan Carey Risa Evans Maya Honda Eileen Jay Christopher Unger 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(5):514-529
The research reported here focuses on grade 7 (12‐year‐old) students’ epistomological views prior to and after exposure to a teaching unit especially developed to introduce the constructivist view of science. A clinical interview was used to assess students’ understanding about the nature of scientific knowledge and inquiry. Students’ initial epistemological stance is that scientific knowledge is a passively acquired, faithful copy of the world, and that scientific inquiry is limited solely to observing rather than constructing explanations about nature. We found that it is possible to move students beyond this initial view. 相似文献
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Objective: In addition to pH regulation, Na+/H+ exchange (NHE) has been shown to facilitate cell growth and proliferation. However, the effects of long-term inhibition of
Na+/H+ exchange on cardiac structural and functional remodeling post myocardial infarction (MI) are still controversial. The present
study was therefore carried out to further investigate the effects of long-term treatment with cariporide, a specific inhibitor
of NHE-1, on cardiac remodeling after MI in rats; Methods: Male Wistar rats that underwent coronary ligation were randomly
selected for cariporide treatment starting 6 h after induction of MI or no treatment. Treatment was continued up to 6 weeks
post MI, after which, the arterial, venous and left ventricular catheters were chronically implanted. Twenty-four h later,
after hemodynamic signals were recorded in conscious rats, they were sacrificed and hearts were taken out for morphological
examinations; Results: Cariporide treatment decreased the heart weight and heart weight to body weight ratio (bothP<0.05), decreased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (P<0.001), improved myocardial contractility (dP/dt
max) (P<0.05) and tended to increase the survival of treated rats compared to that of untreated infarct rats; Conclusion: The results
of the present study indicate that the long-term inhibition of NHE with cariporide can attenuate cardiac structural remodeling
and improve left ventricular dysfunction in infarcted rats, and suggest that Na+/H+ exchange inhibition could be an effective therapeutic strategy for myocardial infarction-induced heart failure. 相似文献