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三个IT厂商酿成的惨痛教训

ｋｅｙｓｔｏｎｅ公司长期停滞的ＥＲＰ项目终于宣告成功，　系统将 １３０ 个厂房，全美国２０００ 多员工连接在一起。回首ｋｅｙｓｔｏｎｅ 信息化历程，其经验教训值得我们深思。     

One hundred and fifty years of sprint and distance running – Past trends and future prospects

Sprint and distance running have experienced remarkable performance improvements over the past century. Attempts to forecast running performances share an almost similarly long history but have relied so far on relatively short data series. Here, we compile a comprehensive set of season-best performances for eight Olympically contested running events. With this data set, we conduct (1) an exponential time series analysis and (2) a power-law experience curve analysis to quantify the rate of past performance improvements and to forecast future performances until the year 2100. We find that the sprint and distance running performances of women and men improve exponentially with time and converge at yearly rates of 4% ± 3% and 2% ± 2%, respectively, towards their asymptotic limits. Running performances can also be modelled with the experience curve approach, yielding learning rates of 3% ± 1% and 6% ± 2% for the women's and men's events, respectively. Long-term trends suggest that: (1) women will continue to run 10–20% slower than men, (2) 9.50 s over 100 m dash may only be broken at the end of this century and (3) several middle- and long-distance records may be broken within the next two to three decades. The prospects of witnessing a sub-2 hour marathon before 2100 remain inconclusive. Our results should be interpreted cautiously as forecasting human behaviour is intrinsically uncertain. The future season-best sprint and distance running performances will continue to scatter around the trends identified here and may yield unexpected improvements of standing world records.     

Spannungsfeld Polyvalenz in der Lehrerbildung

The Bologna Process of higher education reform has led to a vast array of different programs of study in German teacher training. In this article, we firstly analyze the implementation of Bachelor programs in teacher training, comparing profession-oriented programs (i.e. those aiming to train students for the teaching profession from the beginning of studies) to polyvalent programs (i.e. those aiming at broad qualifications and including a late decision to become a teacher). Secondly, we investigate whether students enrolled in these study programs differ systematically in their subjective certainty about their career choice. To answer these questions, we analyze portfolios of documents related to teacher training programs from nine German universities that prepare students for teaching in the academic track. Additionally, we analyze data from N?=?2585 Bachelor and N?=?928 Master degree students. We found that most programs, even when they espouse polyvalence, require an early decision to become a teacher. Moreover, our data confirm findings from earlier studies indicating that student teachers are highly certain about their career choice from the very beginning, with students in polyvalent programs being slightly less certain than those in profession-oriented programs (d?=?0.32).     

Ministerielle Aufsichtskompetenz und Ersatzvornahme

Die ministerielle Aufsichtskompetenz über das Organhandeln an Universit?ten hat im Zuge des Ausbaus der universit?ren Selbstverwaltung, seit dem UOG 1993, eine ma?gebliche Stellenwert?nderung erfahren. Diese beschr?nkt sich nicht auf die formale Zurücknahme der ministeriellen Aufsicht auf eine reine Rechtsaufsicht, sondern ist auch im inhaltlichen Konnex mit der vom UG intendierten neuen Selbstverantwortung der Universit?ten, bei Aufgabenerfüllung und Bestellungsakten, zu sehen. Dabei l?sst sich, hinsichtlich Gehalt und Selbstverst?ndnis ministerieller Verantwortung über die Universit?ten, im intentionalen Wechselspiel von Rücknahmepostulat und Determinierungswillen, eine nicht unbetr?chtliche Unbestimmtheit zwischen ministeriellem K?nnen, Wollen und Sollen bemerken.     

Implications of Hegel’s theories of language on second language teaching

This article explores the implications of Hegel’s theories of language on second language (L2) teaching. Three among the various concepts in Hegel’s theories of language are selected. They are the crucial role of intersubjectivity; the primacy of the spoken over the written form; and the importance of the training of form or grammar. Applying these three concepts to L2 teaching results in several recommendations. Firstly, there should be more emphases of the goal of L2 learning as achieving intersubjectivity. Secondly, the teaching of spoken language should precede the written form. Thirdly, in L2 instruction, the teaching of forms, or rules of grammar or mechanical practices, should be treated as another major goal. The final recommendation is that culture learning is essential.