Evaluating the impact of science‐enrichment programs on adolescents' science motivation and confidence: The splashdown effect

The impact of summer science‐enrichment programs on high‐school students' science motivation and confidence was evaluated in a 7‐month period following program completion. The programs took place on a college campus. The splashdown effect was defined as program‐related changes the program graduates recognized in themselves that became apparent to them after reentry to their home high school. The effect was studied in a group of 88 gifted girls and boys from 38 high schools. On qualitative and quantitative measures obtained during private interviews, students reported a strong splashdown effect after returning to their high school. Results supported the validity of the splashdown concept. Splashdown motivation and splashdown confidence (i.e., recognition of program‐related gains in motivation and confidence that occurred after high‐school reentry) predicted change in corresponding science attitudes during the follow‐up period. As predicted by social comparison theory, the intensity of the splashdown effect was associated with average school achievement in the student's home high school. Students from academically weaker schools reported stronger splashdown effects. Implications for enhancing and evaluating the effect of science‐enrichment programs on students' science attitudes are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 42: 359–375, 2005     

相干否定与经典否定

在情境中使用的否定,是相干否定;在世界中使用的否定,是经典否定.我首先给定了两个逻辑,一个是信息的基础相干逻辑L1,另一个是与L1联系紧密的逻辑系L2.其中,L2被同时包含世界和情境两者的类模型所刻画.当我们只考虑某个L2模型中包含情境的部分(连同可达关系,不相容关系,以及可分辨情境的集合)时,我们将得到一个L1的模型结构.在给定了一些关联L1的模型结构与可能世界的直觉条件后,我们得到了一类特殊的模型--被这类模型刻画的逻辑可以合理地将相干否定与经典否定关联,并且允许我们认为此二者是相容的.在这篇文章中,我首先给定了一个简单的信息逻辑--一个非常弱的相干逻辑.然后,我尝试对其中的命题联结词的真值条件使用经典的处理.以上处理我分两步完成.首先,使用Routley-Meyer的语义以及相关的信息解释.然后,我给出了另一个能够整合环境(或情境)与可能世界之间关系的逻辑.这一关系,可以理解为信息与真之间的形而上的关联.在文章的最后,我将指出在在相干逻辑中整合经典否定的好处.     

Survey of academic programs for disadvantaged students in higher education

In the 1960's many colleges and universities developed programs for disadvantaged students in higher education. Almost all programs were involved to a certain extent with four different areas: basic skills development, affective objectives, use of technological aids, and evaluation of students.In order to determine the specific policies and practices in the academic programs now being implemented for the disadvantaged student, a questionnaire was designed and mailed to 262 colleges and universities. The questionnaire listed 14 academic program statements and asked the respondents to what extent the statements applied to their particular programs.The respondents indicated that teaching relationships with minority groups must be highly personal for effective learning to take place. They recognized the importance of communication skills but also felt that such virtues as self-discipline and self-respect were equally important as academic skills. In addition, most respondents felt their students did not need social skills (such as the ability to relate to fellow students) more than communication skills. Reading machines, tape recorders, computer-assisted instruction, and other technological aids tended not to be used in most programs. Compensatory work seldom carried college credit. Most programs did not have a pass-no-pass system for academic assessments, and almost no programs gave students financial incentives for grades or class attendance.     

Science enrichment programs for gifted high school girls and boys: Predictors of program impact on science confidence and motivation*

The impact of two science enrichment programs on the science attitudes of 330 gifted high school students was evaluated using a multimethod, multiperspective approach that provided a more comprehensive evaluation of program impact on science attitudes than did previous assessments of science programs. Although pre–post comparisons did not indicate positive impact on science attitudes, other measures provided strong evidence of program effectiveness. Program benefits were greater among girls, those who had more supportive families and teachers, and those who entered the programs with greater general confidence in their abilities. Implications for science enrichment programs and their evaluation are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 1065–1088, 2001     

Screen media exposure and young children's vocabulary learning and development: A meta-analysis

This meta-analysis synthesizes research on media use in early childhood (0–6 years), word-learning, and vocabulary size. Multi-level analyses included 266 effect sizes from 63 studies (N_total = 11,413) published between 1988–2022. Among samples with information about race/ethnicity (51%) and sex/gender (73%), most were majority White/Non-Hispanic and between 40%–60% female. Analyses revealed a small overall positive relation between screen media exposure and vocabulary (r = .23). Experimental studies yielded a small-to-medium effect (r = .30), with stronger effects for e-books than TV/video or games/apps, and non-significant effects for video chat. In correlational studies, there was no overall association between vocabulary size and naturalistic media exposure (r = .07), with the exception of naturalistic exposure to educational media (r = .17).