The effect of an intermittent,high-intensity warm-up on supramaximal kayak ergometer performance

It has previously been shown that the metabolic acidaemia induced by a continuous warm-up at the 'lactate threshold' is associated with a reduced accumulated oxygen deficit and decreased supramaximal performance. The aim of this study was to determine if an intermittent, high-intensity warm-up could increase oxygen uptake (V02) without reducing the accumulated oxygen deficit, and thus improve supramaximal performance. Seven male 500 m kayak paddlers, who had represented their state, volunteered for this study. Each performed a graded exercise test to determine V02max and threshold parameters. On subsequent days and in a random, counterbalanced order, the participants then performed a continuous or intermittent, high-intensity warm-up followed by a 2 min, all-out kayak ergometer test. The continuous warm-up consisted of 15 min of exercise at approximately 65% V02max. The intermittent, high-intensity warm-up was similar, except that the last 5 min was replaced with five 10 s sprints at 200% V02max, separated by 50 s of recovery at ~55% V02max. Significantly greater (P<0.05) peak power (intermittent vs continuous: 629 ± 199 vs 601 ± 204W) and average power (intermittent vs continuous: 328±39.0 vs 321 ±42.4 W) were recorded after the intermittent warm-up. There was no significant difference between conditions for peak V02, total V02 or the accumulated oxygen deficit. The results of this study indicate that 2 min all-out kayak ergometer performance is significantly better after an intermittent rather than a continuous warm-up.     

Trust Is Not Enough: Classroom Self-disclosure and the Loss of Private Lives

The paper presents and critiques some important philosophical and educational arguments that are used to support the practice of personal self-disclosure in the classroom, both in group settings and in the form of autobiographical journals. It argues that there are important reasons for valuing privacy even when self-disclosures occur in an environment of perfect trust and caring; that to understand the importance of privacy primarily in terms of trust, or the absence of trust, is to risk overlooking the less apparent, yet more subtle, threats which 'sympathy' and 'caring' can pose to self-disclosers.     

Changing Power Relations in Education: Kaupapa Ma ¥ ori messages for 'mainstream' education in Aotearoa/New Zealand [1]

Drawing on the example of indigenous Ma ¥ ori pedagogical and research principles in Aotearoa/New Zealand, this paper explores how still widely held 'deficit' notions of Ma ¥ ori students can be addressed and replaced by an alternative model that emphasises empowerment, co-construction and the critical importance of cultural recognition. This model constitutes the classroom as a place where young people's sense-making processes (cultures) are incorporated and enhanced, where the existing knowledges of young people--particularly Ma ¥ ori--are seen as 'acceptable' and 'official', and where the teacher interacts with students in such a way that new knowledge is co-created. Such a classroom will generate very different interaction and participation patterns and educational outcomes from a classroom where knowledge is seen as something that the teacher makes sense of and then passes onto students.     

Cross-Cultural Counseling Supervision: What do we Know? What do we Need to Know?

This article provides a critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature on cross-cultural counseling supervision. In addition to summarizing and critiquing this literature, recommendations for future research or “what do we need to know” are presented.     

Do We Need Incentives for PhD Supervisors?

This article presents empirical results of explorative case studies that examine whether the New Public Management mechanisms have improved the academic performance of PhD education in selected German and European economics departments. Our data rely on document analyses of organisational variables and in-depth semi-structured interviews with professors in Germany and several European countries. We propose a typology of departments along their PhD production technology and suggest that organisational improvements should look at the processes through which new professional standards gain acceptance in departments and at the means by which long-term incentive problems of collective action in a department are solved.     

双喜临门

中国的开放程度越来越高,对外国的吸引也越来越大。了解中国, 品味中国, 融入中国, 成为越来越多国际友人的追求。他们在中国学习、工作, 甚至是扎根于此。在深切体会中国的同时, 他们也开始向自己的同胞介绍中国人、中国文化,推进和加强了外国对中国更深、更真实的认识。本期"特别策划"隆重推出 "外国人看中国。"