Cognitive Methods in Counselor Training

With the renewed interest in the role of cognition in counselor training, numerous studies examining this phenomenon have emerged. This article reviews existing literature relevant to cognitive issues in training. The effects of various cognitive attributes such as conceptual level and cognitive style are discussed. Similarly, the impact of various cognitive training strategies on trainee performance are examined, such as modification of trainee cognitions to enhance skill generalization and cognitive restructuring techniques to alter maladaptive cognitions of trainees. In addition, methodological issues that have served to limit research activity are addressed. Brief recommendations are offered for future research and training efforts.     

Research Issues in the Study of Professional Ethics

Limitations of current approaches to the study of professional ethics in counseling are identified and discussed and specific directions for improving research approaches are suggested.     

The Effects of Order of Stimulus Presentation on Ratings of Counseling Performance

This study was designed to examine the effects of order of stimulus presentation on observer ratings of counseling performance. Two videotaped counseling simulations, determined by judges to represent either high or low quality performance, served as the stimuli. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two levels of the order effect: Group 1 viewed the videotape with low quality performance first, followed by the high quality performance videotape; Group 2 viewed the high quality performance videotape first, followed by the low quality performance videotape. Four widely used measures of counseling performance served as dependent measures. Results revealed a statistically significant interaction between quality of performance and the order in which the performances were rated.     

美国华人和作为同化标志的中餐食谱

饮食文化的传播是多样化的。我们可以通过移民、烹调书以及其他一些标志探究一种文化如何融入新环境。自古以来,食物就是中国人在餐桌内外普遍关注和讨论的话题。研究表明,全世界华人的饮食习惯的变迁是最为迟缓的。本文回顾了自1785年第一批华人进入并定居美国以来的一些标志性事件及其带来的变迁。随着华人移民的不断涌入,越来越多作为中华烹饪传统载体的中餐食谱在美国出版,中餐馆也在美国不断蔓延,养活了众多美国人。本文重点选取几个标志性事件作为说明依据。其中包括1899年美国政府刊发宣传册,鼓励种植和食用中国的蔬菜;20世纪上半叶中餐食谱的出版与使用;时至今日已有超过47000家中餐馆遍布美国,等等。     

美国的食品卫生与食品安全一体化

提供全世界最安全的食品,是美国社会一直引以为傲的。尽管中餐馆在全世界普遍存在食品卫生与安全的问题,而在美国已得到较稳定的控制,这与美国政府以及全社会高度重视食品卫生与安全问题密切相关。其关于食品的立法与监督体系已日臻完善,呈现出注重细节、标准量化、公开透明、监督有力、执行果断、全民参与等特点,文中谈到的相关细节与事例,值得中国政府、食品行业以及全社会的反思与借鉴。     

The Effect of Touch on Perception of Counselors

The authors examine observers' perceptions of counselors using touch as part of the client-counselor interaction. Results indicate that touch conveys a sense of caring but does not encourage understanding or client self-disclosure.