Second-order conditioning of the pigeon’s keypeck

Pigeons learned to peck a keylight (S2) when it was paired with a stimulus (S1) that already evoked keypecking. Control procedures showed that S2 acquired control over responding because it was paired with S1 and because S1 had a conditioning history, thereby supporting the claim that S2 was a second-order conditioned stimulus. Second-order conditioning occurred as rapidly when S1 was a keylight as when it was a tone. Test procedures showed that after second-order conditioning, responding to S2 was markedly debilitated by the extinction of responding to S1, indicating that the ability of S2 to evoke a response importantly depends upon the continued ability of S1 to do so. Our demonstration that directed motor action in the pigeon is susceptible to second-order conditioning suggests a new interpretation of conditioned reinforcement in instrumental learning. Our demonstration that the effectiveness of S2 depends upon the continued effectiveness of S1 indicates that S-S associations are formed in this version of the second-order conditioning experiment.     

Signaling functions of the second-order CS: Partial reinforcement during second-order conditioning of the pigeon’s keypeck

The signaling function of the second-order CS (S2) was manipulated in second-order autoshaping by arranging a partial reinforcement schedule. S2 was paired with a well-conditioned first-order CS (SI) on a continuous reinforcement or a 25% reinforcement schedule in different groups. Schedule of reinforcement did not influence the number of S2-S1 pairings required to establish keypecking to S2. However, in the postacquisition sessions, responding to S2 was initially weaker but persisted for many more sessions on the 25% schedule than on the 100% schedule. The data indicate that S2-S1 pairings are responsible both for the acquisition of second-order keypecking to S2 and for the subsequent conversion of S2 into an inhibitory stimulus.     

词汇学视角下的《现代汉语词典》编撰特征探讨

《现代汉语词典》（第六版）的编撰结合了现当代语言科学发展的成果,在排序、选词、释义、引文上具有鲜明典范的特征。随着当代科技的进步,对照欧美词汇学发展的成果,《现代汉语词典》在选词、释义上出现了片面性、滞后性、高雅化、脱离生活等问题。这些问题的解决有赖于对先进的信息技术、语言学理论的吸收。从具体编撰实际上加以改进。     

Explaining social class differences in growth of reading skills from beginning kindergarten through fourth-grade: The role of phonological awareness,rate of access,and print knowledge

The aim of this longitudinal study was to further ourunderstanding of the reasons for social classdifferences in growth of decoding and readingcomprehension skills from beginning kindergarten throughchildren's fourth grade year. Participants wereenrolled in five public schools in a moderately sizedsouthern American city (n = 197). We examined ifbeginning kindergarten levels of three kinds ofreading related abilities explained social classdifferences in growth of reading skills during thetime periods of beginning kindergarten to children'sfirst-, second-, third-, and fourth-grade years. Thereading related abilities were phonological awareness,rate of access to phonological information inlong-term memory, and print knowledge. We found thatthe reasons for social class differences in growth ofreading skills depended on the time interval that wasconsidered. During the earliest time interval, socialclass differences in growth of decoding skills werecompletely accounted for by performance on the controlmeasures of general verbal intelligence and prior wordreading skills. During the remaining time periods,social class differences in growth of decoding andreading comprehension skills persisted whenperformance on the three kinds of reading relatedabilities and the control measures were accounted for. The greatest attenuation of SES differences in growthof reading skills occurred when beginning kindergartenlevels of print knowledge were taken into account.     

人力资源管理实践对员工敬业度的影响:组织支持感的中介作用——基于广东省高科技企业的实证研究

通过对广东省高科技企业员工的问卷调查,探讨人力资源管理实践、组织支持感与员工敬业度的关系。研究结果表明,人力资源管理实践和组织支持感对员工敬业度产生直接或间接的影响;组织支持感在人力资源管理实践对员工敬业度的影响中起完全中介作用。     

多民族地区现代教育技术发展初探：云南民族地区现代 …

本文从云南多民族,民族分布地域广,民族地区经济文化相对落后这一现状出发,通过对一些民族地区现代教育技术发展现状调研结果、存在问题的分析,作者认为,教育技术理论在云南这样多民族地区的实践离不开少数民族。与内地及发达地区教育技术的理论与实践相比,云南民族地区教育技术理论与实践有其特点、难度。作者同时认为云南民族地区教育技术理论与实践是迫切需要的,又是极其重要的,根据云南民族地区的特点,现代教育理论与实     

高职<机械设计基础>课程教改与研究

本阐述了《机械设计基础》的教学对高职学生学习的重要性，总结该课程新的教学特点和过程，为后续课程打下好的基础。     

多维互动，让每个幼儿获得多样化发展

伴随教育向人自身的回归，课程功能转向为儿童提供发展机会。儿童的需要成为课程开发的起点和归宿。本文以梅里课程、超市课程、助学课程的开发为案例，诠释了课程如何尊重和满足儿童的差异性特点和多样性需求，如何多维度地通过与儿童的对话和合作，为儿童提供更多的课程选择权利，从而使儿童的个性得到更充分更主动的发展。     

Computer-assisted instruction to prevent early reading difficulties in students at risk for dyslexia: Outcomes from two instructional approaches

The relative effectiveness of two computer-assisted instructional programs designed to provide instruction and practice in foundational reading skills was examined. First-grade students at risk for reading disabilities received approximately 80 h of small-group instruction in four 50-min sessions per week from October through May. Approximately half of the instruction was delivered by specially trained teachers to prepare students for their work on the computer, and half was delivered by the computer programs. At the end of first grade, there were no differences in student reading performance between students assigned to the different intervention conditions, but the combined-intervention students performed significantly better than control students who had been exposed to their school’s normal reading program. Significant differences were obtained for phonemic awareness, phonemic decoding, reading accuracy, rapid automatic naming, and reading comprehension. A follow-up test at the end of second grade showed a similar pattern of differences, although only differences in phonemic awareness, phonemic decoding, and rapid naming remained statistically reliable.     

Fluid and electrolyte balance in elite male football (soccer) players training in a cool environment

There are few data in the published literature on sweat loss and drinking behaviour in athletes training in a cool environment. Sweat loss and fluid intake were measured in 17 first-team members of an elite soccer team training for 90 min in a cool (5°C, 81% relative humidity) environment. Sweat loss was assessed from the change in body mass after correction for the volume of fluid consumed. Sweat electrolyte content was measured from absorbent patches applied at four skin sites. Mean (?± s) sweat loss during training was 1.69?±?0.45 l (range 1.06?-?2.65 l). Mean fluid intake during training was 423?±?215 ml (44?-?951 ml). There was no apparent relationship between the amount of sweat lost and the volume of fluid consumed during training (r ² = 0.013, P = 0.665). Mean sweat sodium concentration was 42.5?±?13.0 mmol?·?l^?1 and mean sweat potassium concentration was 4.2?±?1.0 mmol?·?l^?1. Total salt (NaCl) loss during training was 4.3?±?1.8 g. The sweat loss data are similar to those recorded in elite players undergoing a similar training session in warm environments, but the volume of fluid ingested is less.