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Salden Ron J.C.M. Paas Fred Broers Nick J. van Merriënboer Jeroen J.G. 《Instructional Science》2004,32(1-2):153-172
The differential effects of four task selectionmethods on training efficiency and transfer incomputer-based training for Air Traffic Controlwere investigated. A non-dynamic condition, inwhich the learning tasks were presented to theparticipants in a fixed, predeterminedsequence, was compared to three dynamicconditions, in which learning tasks wereselected on the basis of performance, mentaleffort, and a combination of both (i.e., mentalefficiency). Using the 3-factor mentalefficiency formula of Tuovinen and Paas (2004, this issue), the hypothesis that dynamic taskselection leads to more efficient training thannon-dynamic task selection was confirmed.However, the hypothesis that dynamic taskselection based on mental efficiency leads tomore efficient training than dynamic taskselection based on performance or mental effortalone was not supported. The results arediscussed in light of the theoretical frameworkand suggestions are given for futureresearch. 相似文献
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Ron J. C. M. Salden Vincent Aleven Rolf Schwonke Alexander Renkl 《Instructional Science》2010,38(3):289-307
Prior research has shown that tutored problem solving with intelligent software tutors is an effective instructional method,
and that worked examples are an effective complement to this kind of tutored problem solving. The work on the expertise reversal
effect suggests that it is desirable to tailor the fading of worked examples to individual students’ growing expertise levels.
One lab and one classroom experiment were conducted to investigate whether adaptively fading worked examples in a tutored
problem-solving environment can lead to higher learning gains. Both studies compared a standard Cognitive Tutor with two example-enhanced
versions, in which the fading of worked examples occurred either in a fixed manner or in a manner adaptive to individual students’
understanding of the examples. Both experiments provide evidence of improved learning results from adaptive fading over fixed
fading over problem solving. We discuss how to further optimize the fading procedure matching each individual student’s changing
knowledge level. 相似文献
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Ron J. C. M. Salden Kenneth R. Koedinger Alexander Renkl Vincent Aleven Bruce M. McLaren 《Educational Psychology Review》2010,22(4):379-392
Recent studies have tested the addition of worked examples to tutored problem solving, a more effective instructional approach
than the untutored problem solving used in prior worked example research. These studies involved Cognitive Tutors, software
designed to support problem solving while minimizing extraneous cognitive load by providing prompts for problem sub-goals,
step-based immediate feedback, and context-sensitive hints. Results across eight studies in three different domains indicate
that adding examples to Cognitive Tutors is beneficial, particularly for decreasing the instructional time needed and perhaps
also for achieving more robust learning outcomes. These studies bolster the practical importance of examples in learning,
but are also of theoretical interest. By using a stronger control condition than previous studies, these studies provide a
basis for refining Cognitive Load Theory explanations of the benefits of examples. Perhaps, in addition to other reasons,
examples may help simply because they more quickly provide novices with information needed to induce generalized knowledge. 相似文献
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