新文科: 这种能力, 将成为你的 "最强竞争力"

为什么新文科值得你选择 国家正全面推进高等教育"四新"建设,这值得你密切关注. "四新"也就是新工科、新医科、新农科、新文科.这里的"新",不是新旧的新,而是创新的新. 整个社会都在谈创新,然而此处我们谈的"四新",有着更为重要的背景——我们正在面临"百年未有之大变局".     

Cataglyphis

Cataglyphis is an ant of desert regions and has a behavioural pattern comparable with that of the bee, but much easier to study. It has a well-developed system of foraging and navigating and a social organisation well adapted to its environment. This review, by two independent research workers who have devoted much time to field studies, is the first to bring together most of the existing information about these fascinating insects.     

晚自修上的停电事件

一节很普通的晚自修,因为两次停电事件而变得与众｛不同,但我心里仍然暗存着一种遐想:再来一次,好吗?在一节很普通的晚自修上,我正在看最有益的小说——历史教科书。突然,眼前一片漆黑,所有的光芒浓缩成一个小点瞬间消失,同时我们还听见了班里只用来收看C CTV新闻联播的电视机关机时发出的轻而有力的“卟”声——停电了!顷刻间,惊慌中又夹杂着幸灾乐祸的“噢”异口同声地蹦出来。伸手不见五指,我感到一股恐惧涌上心头,然而这时,一些同学的脸却突然变亮。聪明的他们在第一时间光明正大地拿出手机,查看信息也好,玩游戏也好,毕竟都为我们带来…     

Pediatric response to a large-scale child protection intervention

Objective

In a rural area of the US state of Texas, in April 2008, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS) responded to evidence of widespread child abuse in an isolated religious compound by removing 463 individuals into state custody. This mass child protection intervention is the largest such action that has ever occurred in the United States. The objective of this paper is to characterize the burdens placed on the area's community resources, healthcare providers, and legal system, the limitations encountered by the forensic and public health professionals, and how these might be minimized in future large-scale child protection interventions.

Methods

Drawing on publicly available information, this article describes the child abuse investigation, legal outcomes, experiences of pediatric healthcare providers directly affected by the mass removal, and the roles of regional child abuse pediatric specialists.

Results

Because the compound's residents refused to cooperate with the investigation and the population of the compound was eight times higher than expected, law enforcement and child protection resources were insufficient to conduct standard child abuse investigations. Local medical and public health resources were also quickly overwhelmed. Consulting child abuse pediatricians were asked to recommend laboratory and radiologic studies that could assist in identifying signs of child abuse, but the lack of cooperation from patients and parents, inadequate medical histories, and limited physical examinations precluded full implementation of the recommendations.

Conclusions

Although most children in danger of abuse were removed from the high-risk environment for several months and some suspected abusers were found guilty in criminal trials, the overall success of the child protection intervention was reduced by the limitations imposed by insufficient resources and lack of cooperation from the compound's residents.

Practice implications

Recommendations for community and child abuse pediatricians who may become involved in future large child-protection interventions are presented.     

Executive Functions in Young Children with Autism

The executive dysfunction hypothesis of autism has received support from most studies of older people with autism; however, studies of young children have produced mixed results. Two studies are presented that compare the performance of preschoolers with autism (mean = 51 months/4.3 years of age) to a control group matched on age, and verbal and nonverbal ability. The first study (n = 18 autism and 17 control) found no group differences in performance on 8 executive function tasks (A not B, Object Retrieval, A not B with Invisible Displacement, 3-Boxes Stationary and Scrambled, 6-Boxes Stationary and Scrambled, and Spatial Reversal), but did find that children with autism initiated fewer joint attention and social interaction behaviors. The second (longitudinal) study of a subset of the children (n = 13 autism and 11 control) from the first study found that neither groups' performance on Spatial Reversal changed significantly over the course of a year. The results of these studies pose a serious challenge to the executive dysfunction hypothesis of autism.