The relation of multiple-schedule behavioral contrast to deprivation,time in session,and within-session changes in responding

Pigeons' keypecking was reinforced by food on baseline schedules of multiple variable interval (VI) x VI x and on contrast schedules of multiple VI x VI y. Deprivation of food was varied by maintaining subjects at 75%, 85%, and 95% (+/- 2%) of their free-feeding weights. Positive and negative behavioral contrast were observed. The size of the contrast was not systematically altered by changes in deprivation. Positive and negative contrast were both larger later in the session than they were earlier. Within-session decreases in responding were steeper for the baseline than for the contrast schedules for positive contrast. Within-session decreases were steeper for the contrast than for the baseline schedules for negative contrast. These results were predicted by the idea that different amounts of habituation to the reinforcer during the baseline and contrast schedules contribute to behavioral contrast. The results show that contrast occurs under conditions that reduce the effect of the following component. The results support the assumption that positive and negative contrast are produced by symmetrical theoretical variables.     

The role of gender constancy in early gender development

Kohlberg's (1966) hypothesis that the attainment of gender constancy motivates children to attend to gender norms was reevaluated by examining these links in relation to age. Ninety-four 3- to 7-year-old children were interviewed to assess whether and how constancy mediates age-related changes in gender-related beliefs. As expected, results indicated a general pattern of an increase in stereotype knowledge, the importance and positive evaluation of one's own gender category, and rigidity of beliefs between the ages of 3 and 5. Moreover, the stability phase, rather than full constancy, mediated some of these relations. After age 5, rigidity generally decreased with age, with relations primarily mediated by consistency.     

情报调研工作的虚与实

本文以工作实践为基础,提出了情报调研工作中应注意的几个关系问题,即情报调研的超前性与针对性;情报调研的方向与课题;情报调研的资料积累与使用。认清和处理好这些关系问题,是做好情报调研,提高服务质量的重要前提。“超前性与针对性”、“方向与课题”、“资料积累与使用”几组关系中前者相对后者有“虚务”的性质,而后者则带有“务实”的性质,但它们又是相辅相成,缺一不可的工作。文中还对“超前性”和“针对性”提出了明确的认识,并对资料的积累与使用进行了实践总结。     

国外科学工业园区发展概况

到五十年代,科学技术发展进入了新的历史时期,即所谓科技革命阶段。这一革命的特征,是科学革命与技术革命已融合为一个单一的过程,并与社会经济发展紧密结合。在这期间,世界各国相继出现了大学、科研机构和工业企业的一定地理空间上相对集中,形成科技工业园区。