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1.
Pigeons pecked on three keys, responses to one of which could be reinforced after 3 flashes of the houselight, to a second
key after 6, and to a third key after 12. The flashes were arranged according to variable-interval schedules. Response allocation
among the keys was a function of the number of flashes. When flashes were omitted, transitions occurred very late. Increasing
flash duration produced a leftward shift in the transitions along a number axis. Increasing reinforcement probability produced
a leftward shift, and decreasing reinforcement probability produced a rightward shift. Intermixing different flash rates within
sessions separated allocations: Faster flash rates shifted the functions sooner in real time, but later in terms of flash
count, and conversely for slower flash rates. A model of control by fading memories of number and time was proposed. 相似文献
2.
格来格尔·库恩 《天津体育学院学报》2008,23(3):193-193
许多运动员在他们的职业生涯中都经历过在特定情境中承受反复的身心障碍(如恐惧对手,所谓的"不堪一击",双腿灌铅).原因是频繁的压抑:一种影响比赛的关键动作发挥的神经紧张状态.在很多个案中潜在焦虑过程导致的压抑源于一个消极比赛经验(如比赛中糟糕的一天或一连串糟糕的日子). 相似文献
3.
Optical radiation is capable of altering the spectral reflectance of layers of colorants. Light damage is of particular importance in respect to unique historical objects in exhibitions. The major parameter governing this process is the spectral irradiance applied to the surface. As this may vary significantly for different light sources, an experimental investigation of the damage potential of the numerous illuminants available is a cumbersome task. In this work a numerical algorithm for the prediction of modifications of the spectral reflectance of colorants subject to a given arbitrary spectral irradiance over a given time is presented. It uses the temporal evolution of the spectral reflectance of the dye or pigment at issue when irradiated by a set of narrowband light sources as input data. The predicted reflectance spectra and the resulting color changes are compared to those measured for samples irradiated with common polychromatic light sources. The concept described in this work aims at the implementation of a standardized procedure and database for the prediction of radiative damage for a comprehensive range of pigments and dyes. 相似文献
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Anne Milatz Michael Glüer Elena Harwardt-Heinecke Gregor Kappler Lieselotte Ahnert 《Early childhood research quarterly》2014
The Student–Teacher Relationship Scale (STRS) is widely used for research in kindergarten and school. The increasing number of applications inside and outside of the U.S. stresses the need to investigate STRS properties, accordingly. The present study used the STRS in German-speaking countries, examining whether (a) the original factor structure is appropriate for a German version, (b) whether applications of a German STRS are invariant across contexts (kindergarten, first and second grade) as well as gender, and (c) whether construct and criterion validity are met. The original STRS was translated into German and filled out by 368 kindergarten and 503 elementary school teachers in Germany and Austria. Observations in kindergartens, student reports in schools, and teacher reports of students’ characteristics served as validity criteria. Results of confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) did not confirm the original STRS factor structure. Subsequent exploratory factor analyses on training samples resulted in significant item reductions, followed by further CFAs on validation samples. The bootstrapped results yielded an adjusted three-factor model with subscales indicating satisfying alphas and invariance across context and gender. Construct and criterion validity were met for all subscales of the German STRS based on various criteria from both, observations and reports. 相似文献
7.
We are proposing a feedback model of news processing, assuming that news reception is guided by media input as well as by existing cognitive structures. However, these structures are in turn shaped by former media coverage. In our study we examine viewers’ processing of TV news, comparing objective news content (content analysis) to subjective meaning of news stories (viewer interviews). Results show that viewers interpret information about new events in the context of past events, themselves mainly a reflection of former media coverage. 相似文献
8.
Jeremy Engels 《Quarterly Journal of Speech》2013,99(3):311-334
Robert Owen's “Declaration of Mental Independence,” declaimed on the Fourth of July, 1826, was one of the most ill-received speeches in the early Republic. The attendant controversy provides an opportunity to theorize invective's role in democratic culture. Invective was useful in the early Republic, and continues to be useful today, because it is both constitutive of national identity and a curative rhetoric for managing cultural anxiety. However, there are limits to what invective can achieve, and invective's place in democracy is consequently ambivalent. Rather than curing democratic anxiety, invective tends to perpetuate it, disrupting democracy's emphasis on controlled conflict and pushing it ever closer to violence. 相似文献
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Nadine Engels Antonia Aelterman Karen Van Petegem Annemie Schepens 《Educational studies》2004,30(2):127-143
The Flemish government considers well-being of pupils as an important output indicator for the quality of education. The education inspectorate needed an instrument to measure this well-being in a school context, an instrument that should also be a basis for actions plans aimed at enhancing pupils' well-being. The development of this instrument is described in this article. A total of 342 pupils were interviewed. The material from these interviews was used for construction of—mainly Likert-type—items for a questionnaire. A pilot version of the questionnaire was examined by experts and tested with a random sample of 306 pupils. The experimental version was tried out on a random sample of 2054 pupils. This resulted in a questionnaire with four consistent scales and thirteen subscales. Significant differences between schools were found. Atmosphere at school, contacts with teachers, involvement in class and at school, school regulations and infrastructure were among the best predictors. 相似文献