儿童青少年运动员的营养需要

1. 儿童青少年运动员应该食用多样化的食物，其中，蛋白质应占膳食总能量的12％-15％，碳水化合物至少占55％，而脂肪至多占30％。日常生活中如何吃才能满足这些要求呢？膳食指南宝塔提供了一条可行之道。2.有些营养素对热爱运动的儿童青少年运动员非常重要，要保证摄入充足，这些营养素是碳水化合物（包括纤维素）、维生素B6、维生素D、铁、钙、镁、锌、铬。科学合理、包罗各类食物的平衡膳食，对青少年运动员最大程度地全面摄取各种营养素，满足生长发育和运动训练的需要，是非常必要的。3.鼓励儿童青少年运动员在运动训练前、中、后进行补液，以避免脱水的发生。4.如果膳食合理平衡，就没必要额外补充营养品。     

The Assessment of Learning Dispositions in the Classroom

This commentary highlights several important contributions of the Carr & Claxton article as well as issues that need further clarification. It examines the concept of dispositions as a focus of learning and assessment, the procedures proposed for assessing dispositions and the implications of different functions of assessment for the construction and use of portfolios.     

Disabled Children and Residential Schools: The Implications for Local Education Professionals

Jenny Morris, freelance researcher, David Abbott, research associate at the Norah Fry Research Centre at the University of Bristol, and Linda Ward, Director of the Norah Fry Research Centre at the University of Bristol, carried out research to look at whether the current system of legislation and regulation is adequately protecting and promoting the interests of disabled children placed at residential schools. This article summarises some findings from the research which investigated the decision-making processes leading to residential special school placements and explored the involvement of education and social services authorities after placements have been made. The research found that the needs of individual children are not central to these decision-making processes; and that the local authorities who make such placements do not pay sufficient attention to protecting and promoting children's educational or care needs once they have gone away to school. Jenny Morris, David Abbott and Linda Ward indicate some of the ways in which current practice could be improved; make recommendations for future developments; and call for further research into the role of special residential schools in the context of policy on educational and social inclusion.     

DOES THE PROGRAMME MATTER? APPROACH AND MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE KASSEL GRADUATE SURVEY

This study attempts to establish the extent to which study programmes and study conditions within selected fields of study vary among institutions of higher education in the Federal Republic of Germany and the extent to which diversification has an impact on the careers and work assignments of graduates. All persons who graduated during the 1983‐1984 and 1984‐1985 academic years in mechanical engineering, economics/business, and social work from seven institutions of higher education were surveyed during their final year of study, again in a longitudinal study two years after graduation, and finally, four to five years after graduation. The authors come to the conclusion that the vertical diversification of higher education in the Federal Republic of Germany has had a less pronounced effect on the careers of graduates, over the last few years, than had been expected. No dominant elements of study programmes and study conditions could be identified which might explain study outcomes, careers, and job assignments.     

Graduate Employment: Challenges for Higher Education in the Twenty‐First Century∗

The employment prospects for most higher education graduates worldwide are bleak for a number of reasons including the negative effects of the massification of higher education, rapid technological change, the crisis in the conception of work in highly developed societies, and the neo‐liberal political and economic agenda. A number of survival strategies are proposed to students as well as ways to improve the link between employers and higher education institutions so as to improve the study/future employment match. Students are advised to be flexible, able and willing to innovate, entrepreneurial, proactive, and not only to be willing to take risks but to consider risk and uncertainty as forms of opportunity.

     

现行的有约束力的多样化的博物馆道德公约——国际博协1970年以来对道德准则不断深入的关注

任何一门专业都有其用于行业自律的职业道德规范,博物馆也不例外。自1986年国际博协布宜诺斯艾利斯大会通过《博物馆职业道德准则》以来,已被世界上许多国家的博物馆及其专业人员所接受,成为国际博物馆界除《国际博协章程》之外一个最重要的文件。本文作者曾亲自参与该文件的讨论、起草和修订。在文章中,她对上个世纪70年代以来博物馆职业道德形成的社会背景、哲学体系、核心关注、道德与法律的关系以及近年来的最新修订作了较全面的回顾和分析。