论哈萨克族民俗文化中的上盘习俗

随着经济全球化,城市化进程的不断加快,哈萨克族的生活方式发生了重大的变化,哈萨克族传统的待客习俗同样遭受到强势文化的冲击,面临失传的威胁.哈萨克族传统的上盘习俗,是哈萨克饮食文化的重要组成部分.根据年龄、身份、辈份、亲属关系等区别,哈萨克族的食盘有上等盘、中等盘、末等盘、亲家盘、女婿盘、女儿盘、儿媳盘等类型,各种盘中所摆放的肉食其部位、数量都有严格的规定.了解、掌握上盘习俗,对于继承和发扬尊老爱幼的传统美德,建设和谐社会都有积极的意义.     

对立与和谐:论《理智与情感》的人物塑造艺术

奥斯丁在《理智与情感》中沿用了18世纪流行的二元对立的“小说情节图式”,但又有所创新,使笔下的女主人翁突破了流行模式的束缚,从对立走向了和谐,完整体现了作者意欲表达的爱情———婚姻观,也塑造出了饱满、真实的人物形象,完成了类型人物向典型形象的演化,达到了艺术与思想的高度和谐。     

Prospective chemistry teachers' conceptions of the conservation of matter and related concepts

This study investigated the quality and extent of understanding of certain well-known theoretical concepts which prospective teachers of chemistry in Yemen possess. In addition to the concepts of the conservation of atoms and mass, and the mole, the concepts of atomic mass and balancing chemical equations were chosen for this study. An instrument was built first, then administered to 173 junior and senior prospective chemistry teachers. The results showed that the prospective teachers' understandings of most of the concepts ranged from a partial understanding with specific misconception to no understanding. Only on balancing chemical equations did the prospective teachers show good understanding. The results showed that most prospective teachers depended on mere memorization of the concepts without meaningful understanding. It also found that the prospective teachers' knowledge about the concepts was fragmented and not correlated. The study attributed the prospective teachers' misconceptions to defective instruction. Finally, the study concluded that more effective teaching methods are needed to ensure a sound understanding of these concepts. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 34: 181–197, 1997.     

Emirates secondary school science teachers' perspectives on the nexus between modern science and arab culture

During the 1999/2000 school year, 286 secondary school science teachers, from the seven Emirates that constitute the UAE, participated in the study. Teachers responded to an instrument composed of 52 items. Results indicated that Emirates secondary school science teachers did not view modern science as only a sub-culture of the Western culture. They disagreed that Western beliefs, values and conventions are implicit aspects of science. Teachers indicated that there are no differences between modern science and Arab culture. It seems that teachers lacked an understanding of the social component of science. The study suggests that Emirates secondary school science teachers should be informed about the social component of science. It is argued that when discussing culturally critical scientific issues, Emirates science teachers should assume the role of cultural brokers to facilitate students' understanding of science.     

亲子交往行为的文化差异研究

本研究对146对北京和甘肃临夏的回族和汉族儿童及其家长在游戏情境下的亲子交往行为进行了研究,结果发现,在亲子游戏中,家长的提问、表扬、交谈、旁观、独自玩等行为存在民族文化差异;家长的直接要求、提问、言语引导、肯定、表扬、委婉否定、交谈、一起游戏、旁观、强迫动作、训斥、消极情绪、不说话、替代、不反应等行为存在地域文化差异.进一步的分析发现,汉族家长在亲子互动过程中更关注儿童的自主性,回族家长更倾向于亲子互动中问题的解决;相比北京家长,甘肃临夏家长在亲子互动过程中更关注游戏任务的解决.     

传统中小工业企业技术创新的多元化——二论亏损工业企业如何走好技术创新之路

由分析国有亏损工业企业的困难入手,提出传统中小工业企业技术创新的多元化思路与实践,分别加以论述。     

Arab prospective science teachers’ world view: presuppositions towards nature

This study investigated the nature of Arab prospective science teachers’ world view presuppositions towards nature. An instrument was developed and administered to 117 prospective science teachers. The instrument covers four world view presuppositions in a bipolar form. They are safety and fear, order and chaos, aesthetic and materialistic, special and mundane. The results showed that the prospective teachers mostly felt safe towards nature. They considered nature orderly, beautiful and special. More importantly, their presuppositions were mostly religious. Although many of them would be science teachers within a few months they lacked the usual scientific presuppositions. The study concludes that science education programmes in the Arab culture should be culturally sensitive.     

亲子交往行为的文化差异研究

本研究对146对北京和甘肃临夏的回族和汉族儿童及其家长在游戏情境下的亲子交往行为进行了研究,结果发现,在亲子游戏中,家长的提问、表扬、交谈、旁观、独自玩等行为存在民族文化差异;家长的直接要求、提问、言语引导、肯定、表扬、委婉否定、交谈、一起游戏、旁观、强迫动作、训斥、消极情绪、不说话、替代、不反应等行为存在地域文化差异。进一步的分析发现,汉族家长在亲子互动过程中更关注儿童的自主性,回族家长更倾向于亲子互动中问题的解决;相比北京家长,甘肃临夏家长在亲子互动过程中更关注游戏任务的解决。     

Emirates pre-service and in-service teachers' views about the nature of science

This study investigated Emirates pre-service and in-service teachers' views about the nature of science. A questionnaire was developed and administered to 31 female pre-service science teachers, and 224 inservice chemistry teachers. The questionnaire covered five aspects of the nature of science identified by Palmquist and Finley (1997). These are: scientific theories and models; role of a scientist; scientific knowledge; scientific method; and scientific laws. The results indicated that Emirates teachers' views are neither clearly traditional nor clearly constructivist - they held mixed views about the nature of science. The study attributed the existence of the traditional views to historical reasons and the educational system. The presence of constructivist views was attributed to religious factors, where some of students' religious beliefs agree with some constructivist views. The study argued that the traditional view about the nature of science is in conflict with the teachers' religious beliefs. Teaching science in the Arab culture using the traditional view about science creates what Tobin (1996) called 'symbolic violence'. The study concluded that introducing science from the constructivist point of view and using what Jegede (1996) called 'collateral learning' would help to diminish such violence.     

Professors' Views on the Influence of Arab Society on Science and Technology

This study investigated types of societal agents and the nature of their influence on Science and Technology (S&T) from Arab University professors' standpoint. Thirteen items from VOSTS instrument, developed by Aikenhead, Ryan, and Fleming (1989), were modified and used in this study. Five more items were developed by the researcher to meet the purpose of the study. The instrument was administered to 64 university professors at the Faculties of Science, Engineering, Agriculture, Medicine, Humanities and Social Sciences, and Education. The results showed that out of the four societal agents (government, the private sector, the public at large, and culture) identified by McGinn (1991) the first and the last have the most potent influence on S&T in the Arab world. The study also found that the influences of the Arab culture on S&T have positive and negative nature. Positive influences are cultural, political or economic. Positive cultural influences are: the promising role in reviving ijtihad ³ to encourage researchers to study and understand nature, the placed emphasis by Islam on the importance of pursuing knowledge, and international competition. Political and economic positive influences are the Arab people's intent to be in position equivalent to developed cultures regarding S&T and Arab states efforts in preparing researchers in different areas. Negative influences are also cultural, political, or economic. For example, forcing taqlid ⁴ in different aspect of life is a damaging cultural influence. Political and economic negative influences include little or no research funding, bureaucracy, heavy dependence on imported scientific and technological products, and brain drain. The study recommended the following: (1) to revive the concept of ijtihad to encourage developments in S&T; (2) to provide children with adequate conditions and resources to acquire good background in S&T in a way that considers students' world view; (3) to ensure enough financial resources for instituting S&T; (4) to empower Arab universities to participate effectively in instituting S&T; and (5) to unify Arab states efforts to establish a strategic plan for instituting S&T.