关于明清闲情小品

编者按:本文系何满子先生为<明清闲情小品赏析>丛书所作的序,现征得作者同意,特在本刊发表,以飨同好.     

中国古代笛史札记

1985年6月应杨公骥先生之邀,我到长春为他的研究生上课。一次在和他的晤谈中,我特别提起了他五十年代初在《光明日报·文学遗产》版发表的一篇关于西汉巾舞《公莫舞》的考释论文。该文将《宋史·乐志》中长期未能被学者解读的《公莫巾舞歌行》作了精确的句逗和考释,发千载未发之覆,极为治古代文史的学界同人所称赏,堪称多年来研究汉乐府罕见的力作。我之所以提出此文,是因为在当时有一家出版社,约我写一本中国古代音乐的知识性小书。这类性质的书不但要写得通俗、有趣,而且必须以翔实的古乐考证为基础,才能深入浅出,为读者接受并令人益智。这类知识性的小书专家是不肯写的,因为费力不讨好。但我常回忆起少年时期,颇得益于开明书店出版的丰子恺先生作的《音乐的故事》,深     

本钢1700毫米宽带钢热连轧机精轧机改造技术分析

分析了本钢连轧厂七架普通四辊精轧机的改造．对所采用的工作辊弯辊装置和轧辊轴向横移装置的工作原理进行了研究，结果表明．产品板型得到控制，质量显著提高。     

Scaling laws and forecasting in athletic world records

In this study, we analysed running world records and found that the mean speed of the race, μ, as a function of the record time, τ, can be described asymptotically by two well-defined scaling laws of the form u ?s τ - β. There is a break in the scaling laws (?1000m) between the shorter and the longer races at a characteristic time of around 150-170 s, after which a new scaling regime emerges. This is the first occasion that this characteristic time has been clearly found in physical terms; we interpreted it as the transition time between the anaerobic and the aerobic energy expenditure of athletes. This phenomenon is independent of the athletes' sex and is also found in swimming races with similar values of the characteristic time. We also investigated the forecasting of world records using historical data. Using an approach based on the identification of non-Poissonian events for a sequence of temporal point processes, we found that the sequence of improvements in all athletic records from 1900 to the present day cannot be considered as a sequence of completely random events.     

Foundations of Digital Universities

Universities need to maintain data about various resources. They include intellectual creations that are the focus of (Digital) Libraries, but also courses, research projects, and people. Data about intellectual creations are maintained in institutional repositories, while data about courses, research projects, and people reside in various databases designed to support specific vertical applications. We propose a uniform treatment of such resources leading to Digital Universities, i.e., a set of key resources, methodologies, and tools appropriately organized to effectively support universities' users. This requires new methodologies, data models, authority control mechanisms, and system infrastructures that are able to support a broader range of services.     

Differences in strength and speed demands between 4v4 and 8v8 small-sided football games

ABSTRACT

The aims of this study were (i) to characterise the acceleration demands of two different formats of small-sided game (SSG), i.e., 4v4 + goalkeepers (4v4 + GK) and 8v8 + goalkeepers (8v8 + GK); (ii) to analyse the correlation between performance in power-based tests and acceleration-based physical loading during the two different SSG formats and (iii) to analyse the neuromuscular-induced fatigue. Eighteen adult male footballers participated in the study (20.7 ± 1.0 years, 178 ± 5 cm and 71.4 ± 2.1 kg). Baseline measurements were obtained from countermovement jumps, 15 s repeated jumps and 5 and 15 m sprints. A total of 36 min was analysed for each SSG (4v4 + GK: two sets of 3 × 6 min, and 8v8 + GK: 2 × 18 min). Heart rate, blood lactate, perceived exertion and movement pattern (GPS) were analysed. Distances covered by very-high-intensity activities and very-high-speed running were lower in 4v4 + GK than in 8v8 + GK (effect sizes (ES) = ?0.69 ± 0.67 and ?1.04 ± 0.67, respectively; very likely), while accelerations and decelerations were higher in 4v4 + GK than in 8v8 + GK (ES = 1.13–1.52; almost certainly). Blood lactate concentrations were higher (ES = 1.40 ± 0.58; almost certainly) and players perceived themselves to be more tired (ES = 0.80–2.31; almost certainly) after 4v4 + GK than after 8v8 + GK. Sprint ability in 5 and 15 m tests decreased (ES = 0.87 ± 0.58 and 0.89 ± 0.58, respectively; almost certainly) only after 4v4 + GK. This SSG format appeared more demanding in relation to repetitions and fatigue development of muscle power-based actions than 8v8 + GK. It may therefore be logical to use the former type of SSG to target development of power-related football actions.     

Perceived effects and uses of the national teacher evaluation system in Chilean elementary schools

This paper addresses the perceived consequences of the Chilean national teacher evaluation system. We interviewed 57 school leaders in 30 schools across 10 municipalities about effects and uses of the assessment in their schools. Results show that in the large majority of schools our interviewees observe positive effects such as increased teamwork and internal reflection processes based on the assessment results. Reports about effects at teacher level far outnumber institutional effects, and are mixed. In all schools our interviewees report on teachers’ negative emotions and work overload due to the assessment process, but also about their internalization of the underlying professional standards. The paper analyzes differences among schools and offers suggestions for the development of large-scale standardized teacher evaluation systems.