Drug Testing,Sex Verification,and the 1967 Pan-American Games

Abstract

Despite frequent claims that invasive methods of sex verification and early procedures for doping detection were used in 1966 and 1967 at different major international sport competitions, little is known about the origins and rationales for implementing such procedures. This paper focuses on the drug testing and sex verification protocols implemented at the 1967 Pan-American Games held in Winnipeg. Specifically, it explores the conditions that led to these protocols, as well as the details of and the arguments invoked for their implementation. To do so, archival material, media coverage featured in English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish newspapers and magazines across the Americas, and oral histories are analyzed and discussed. The paper demonstrates that neither the sex verification nor the drug testing protocol was mandatory for all athletes and only two very specific groups of athletes were targeted. It also demonstrates that in the case of the former, exceptions were made within the specific group targeted. The paper concludes that the rudimentary protocols applied at the 1967 Pan-American Games likely informed the IOC Medical Commission’s doping and sex-testing policies implemented at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics and Grenoble Winter Olympics.     

Professional and personal values and virtues in education and teaching

This article seeks to shed light on the dilemma facing history education in regions beset by a protracted, and as yet unresolved ethno-political conflict. The article will examine this issue by means of a unique test case that observes a dramatic war event in Israeli textbooks. The event in question is the Six-Day War of 1967 and the study of its outcomes. This war stands in the twilight between memory and history and there is an extreme gap between the public history and the formal representation of that war in school textbooks. The question that begs an answer is why such a seminal event in Israeli history is not presented in history textbooks like the country’s other wars. The research methodology, which was conducted on two generations of textbooks, is based upon a comparative discourse analysis. A discussion of the findings contends that a critical pedagogy approach to history education might equip adolescent students with more powerful lenses through which to view several plausible scenarios for healing the wounds of the present by means of a rational and grounded perception of the past.     

“六·五战争”中阿拉伯国家石油禁运失败的原因

1967年6月5日以色列在美国支持下向阿拉伯国家发起突然袭击,"六·五战争"爆发.为了制裁西方国家,阿拉伯国家使用"石油武器",对支持以色列的西方国家实行石油禁运.石油禁运是阿拉伯产油国实施的一项专门对美国施加压力的政策.阿拉伯人输掉了战争,蕴藏丰富石油的西奈半岛被以色列占领,石油禁运失败.究其原因在于阿拉伯石油生产国自身局限性,美国努力确保西方石油供给安全以及客观上国际石油市场的急剧变化.     

气相色谱法用正己烷作萃取剂测定自来水中“六六六以及林丹”的探索

为了提高检测水中"六六六和林丹"含量的效率,提高快速检测能力,降低检测成本,本文选用正己烷(色谱纯)做萃取剂测定自来水中"六六六和林丹"的含量。省去了国标方法萃取溶剂需重蒸馏所造成的实验环境污染和水、电消耗。该方法操作便利,萃取过程易控制,经平行样实验和加标回收实验数据验证,具有与环己烷或石油醚作萃取剂同样的精密度和准确度。