Multiple‐Choice Tests and Student Understanding: What Is the Connection?

Instructors can use both “multiple‐choice” (MC) and “constructed response” (CR) questions (such as short answer, essay, or problem‐solving questions) to evaluate student understanding of course materials and principles. This article begins by discussing the advantages and concerns of using these alternate test formats and reviews the studies conducted to test the hypothesis (or perhaps better described as the hope) that MC tests, by themselves, perform an adequate job of evaluating student understanding of course materials. Despite research from educational psychology demonstrating the potential for MC tests to measure the same levels of student mastery as CR tests, recent studies in specific educational domains find imperfect relationships between these two performance measures. We suggest that a significant confound in prior experiments has been the treatment of MC questions as homogeneous entities when in fact MC questions may test widely varying levels of student understanding. The primary contribution of the article is a modified research model for CR/MC research based on knowledge‐level analyses of MC test banks and CR question sets from basic computer language programming. The analyses are based on an operationalization of Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning Goals for the domain, which is used to develop a skills‐focused taxonomy of MC questions. However, we propose that their analyses readily generalize to similar teaching domains of interest to decision sciences educators such as modeling and simulation programming.     

我国城市化成本关系的实证分析

对城市化私人成本、公共成本及城市化率进行了因果关系检验,发现其关系为:私人成本支出是城市化率提高的直接动因,而城市化率提高又引起公共成本的支出增加。若政府公共成本支出不足,不会降低城市化的速度,将导致城市公共资源紧张,引起若干社会问题。     

Assessment of attention in school children: teachers' ratings related to tests of attention

The paper provides (1) a teacher-administered rating instrument for inattention without confounding the rating with hyperactivity and conduct disorder, and (2) evidence that the ratings correlate with the scores obtained from cognitive tests of attention. In Study I, the first objective was to investigate the construct validity and the inter-rater reliability of the Attention Checklist (ACL) by factor analysing the teacher ratings of 110 Grade 4 children, obtained by using the ACL. The second objective was to investigate the predictive validity of the ACL by examining the relationship between the scores obtained for the participants from teachers' ratings using the ACL and the scores obtained by participants in the lab-type attention tests. The results of factor analysis showed that a single factor labelled ‘inattention’ underlies the 12 items in the ACL. Examining the differences in performance on attention tests, the ‘low attention’ children as rated by the teachers on the ACL scored lower than the ‘high attention’ children on the objective tests of attention. These findings were replicated in Study II, which was conducted to test further the construct validity and predictive validity of the ACL. This time, only those two tests (Auditory Attention and Visual Attention) that had shown relatively poor discrimination between the high and low attention groups in Study I were, again, administered to another cohort of 97 Grade 4 children, as it was our intention to further challenge the reliability of the ACL. Overall, the results of both studies suggest that comprehensive assessment of attention skills should include both ACL and objective measures of selective attention.     

工业锅炉水质常规化验的意义和方法

叙述了工业锅炉水质常规化验的意义和方法。     

体育专业研究生体适能自主测试研究

体适能是一门实用性较强的课程,突出学生实践应用能力和创新能力的培养是教学的关键。本文采用问卷调查法、实验法、访谈法对陕西师范大学体育专业19名研究生的体适能实践课进行实践测试、随机抽样、访谈调查,结果显示:体适能实践课程的开设,提高了学生学习兴趣,增强了学生的实际应用能力及科研论文的研究能力。     

无言之真——实在与道

拉康的实在界是主体在进入语言符号的世界时被排除的东西,它的存在状态就如老庄之道一样是无法用语言表述的,却又是真正存在的,是缺席的在场。语言使得它们成为隐匿的真实,但又总是以替代的形式与主体在像梦这样的场合相遭遇。总体而言,老庄对道的追求在提升人格方面比拉康对实在的揭示更具积极意义。     

正项级数比较判别法再探及运用

利用正项级数比较判别法,提出了一个全新的、更为一般的判别正项级数敛散性的方法,推广了Cauchy判别法和D’Alembert判别法．     

东北藜蒿提取物体外抗菌作用的初步研究

目的:研究东北藜蒿提取物的体外抗菌作用。方法:采用试管稀释法测定东北藜蒿提取物水煎剂、醇提物对13种临床常见病原菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),判定抗菌效果。结果:东北藜蒿水煎剂、醇提物对13种临床常见病原菌均有不同程度的抗菌作用。结论:东北藜蒿提取物在体外有一定抗菌作用。     

美国标准化考试反思——兼议中国大学英语四、六级考试

发轫于美国的标准化考试在世界范围内被大规模采用,但是,可以说标准化考试是在人们的批评声中走到今天的。为什么人们在如此强烈批评它的同时仍然一如既往地使用它?到底应该如何评价标准化考试?在分析美国标准化考试的现状、问题之后,从教育和文化的视角对标准化考试进行了审视,认为标准化考试有其存在的合理性,但在试题的设计、考试成绩的使用以及在教育评价指标中所在的权重应作到科学、客观。     

女子自由式摔跤跪撑技术的发展趋势

对2004年全国女子自由式摔跳锦标赛和冠军赛跪撑技术进行分析,认为女子自由式摔跤跪撑技术的发展是获得女子自由式摔跤比赛胜利的关键.同时指出,在跪撑技术的使用中应侧重于滚桥和交叉抱小腿这两种跪撑技术动作.