#NotOkay: Stories of sexual assault in the midst of the 2016 U.S. presidential election

Sexual assault affects hundreds of thousands of Americans each year. Social media platforms such as Twitter allow users to anonymously share 140-character messages that serve to convey information and foster a supportive community. Following the release of a 2005 video that captured then Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump bragging in vulgar terms about kissing, groping, and trying to have sex with women, women took to Twitter to share their personal stories of sexual assault using the hashtag #NotOkay. The present study examines 1,091 tweets from women who shared their lived experiences with sexual assault. Findings revealed four themes: characteristics of sexual assault, relationship to perpetrator, public vs. private locations, and action and consequence. The results highlight Twitter as a venue for women to share their lived experiences with sexual assault.     

Kid's stuff: the nature and impact of peer and sibling violence on younger and older children

OBJECTIVE: It is widely presumed that when children are hit by peers or siblings, it is not as serious as similar acts between adults or older youth, which would be termed, "assaults" and "violent crimes". The goal of this study was to compare the violent peer and sibling episodes of younger children to those of older youth in terms of their seriousness and association with symptoms that might indicate traumatic effects. METHOD: The study collected reports of past year's violent victimizations and childhood symptoms in a national probability telephone sample of 2030 children and youth ages 2-17. The experiences of 10-17-year olds were obtained via self-reports and those of the 2-9-year olds from caregivers. RESULTS: The younger children's peer and sibling victimizations were not less serious than the older youth on the dimensions of injury, being hit with an object that could cause injury or being victimized on multiple occasions. Younger children and older youth also had similar trauma symptom levels associated with both peer and sibling victimization. CONCLUSION: There was no basis in this study for presuming peer and sibling victimizations to be more benign when they involve younger children. The findings provide justification for being concerned about such peer and sibling violence in schools and families and for counting such victimizations in victimization inventories and clinical assessments.     

It all adds up: Addressing the roles of cumulative traumatic experiences on military veterans

BackgroundPosttraumatic stress symptoms are common after discharge from military service in male and female Post-9/11 veterans, many of whom experienced combat.ObjectiveThis is a study of the impacts of childhood and adult assaults are studied both separately and together on the level of posttraumatic stress symptoms in male and female Post-9/11 veterans (N = 850) after discharge from military service.Participants and settingThis cross-sectional secondary analysis uses data from the baseline interviews of the Survey of Experiences of Returning Veterans (SERV) cohort study.MethodsChildhood sexual and physical abuse, adult sexual and physical assault, and combat exposure were the main exposures of interest and the primary outcome measurement was the Posttraumatic Symptom Checklist-Civilian, assessing symptom severity post discharge from military service.ResultsOur sample reported high rates of childhood abuse, adult victimization, combat exposure, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Tested separately, models including different types of victimization had both unique (f² = 0.30) and cumulative (f² = 0.32) effects on severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms in male and female veterans.ConclusionsOur results underscore the importance of assessing childhood and adult trauma history in returning veterans in addition to traumas they experienced during their service. These findings highlight the importance of focusing on building resilience in our military servicemembers.     

Hospitalisations for maternal assault are associated with increased risk of child protection involvement

BackgroundPrevious research shows a co-occurrence between children's exposure to violence and child maltreatment.ObjectiveThis study examined the risk of maltreatment allegations in children whose mothers had been hospitalised due to an assault.Participants and settingThe study used a retrospective cohort of children born in Western Australia between 1990–2009 (N = 524,534) using de-identified linked-administrative data.MethodsMultivariate Cox regression determined the adjusted and unadjusted hazard ratios for child maltreatment allegation in children with a mother hospitalised for assault. Models were adjusted for a range of sociodemographic characteristics.ResultsOne in five children had a maltreatment allegation following their mother's hospitalisation for assault. This increased to two in five children when the mother was assaulted in the prenatal period. Aboriginal children accounted for 57.6% of all allegations despite representing only 7.8% of the population.Children whose mother had a hospitalisation for assault were nine-times (HR = 9.20, 95%CI: 8.98–9.43) more likely to have a subsequent maltreatment allegation than children whose mother did not have a hospitalisation for assault. Following adjustment for confounding factors, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children had an almost two-fold increased risk of maltreatment allegation (HR = 1.56, 95%CI: 1.43–1.70; HR = 1.93 95%CI:1.80–2.07).ConclusionsOur study shows that child maltreatment allegation is common in children following a maternal hospitalisation for assault. Targeted early intervention is required for families with young children, and pregnant women experiencing violence. Importantly service staff need awareness of the impact of violence on families and the appropriate services to refer families to.     

图像数字水印系统的框架模型及攻击方法研究

数字水印为图像版权保护提供了一种很好的解决方法。本文借鉴前人的研究成果提出了一个图像数字水印系统的基本框架模型,还对常见的图像水印攻击方法进行了总结,具有一定的实际意义。     

数字水印技术综述

数字水印作为一种将特殊信息嵌入媒体数据的技术,近年来已成为国内外研究的热点并有着广泛的应用前景。通常数字水印被应用于数字图像、音频、视频以及其他媒体产品上以进行版权保护和验证多媒体数据的完整性。在介绍数字水印的提出和研究现状的基础上,并对其基本原理、算法和特点进行了阐述,同时对水印的分类和攻击进行了深入分析,并详细指出了数字水印技术的应用领域,最后指出了数字水印今后的研究方向。     

Is there a role for paediatric Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners in the management of child sexual assault in Australia?

In Australia, paediatricians and Child Protection Specialists provide the medical and forensic examinations of child victims of sexual assault. There are workforce challenges in the recruitment and retention of doctors to undertake child sexual assault (CSA) work particularly in remote and rural areas. Pediatric Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (PSANE) programs have existed in the USA and the UK for many years. Using Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) methodology, a systematic search of the literature was performed to ascertain what is known about SANE programs, to evaluate the evidence for their effectiveness across a number of domains (accessibility, health and legal outcomes and cost effectiveness) and to inform policy on models of care and elements of best practice which may be appropriate for local implementation in Australia. This review showed that despite the limited evidence available and significant gaps in the evidence, SANEs provide a high standard of medical care and are not detrimental to the legal process. By providing recommendations regarding the potential value, effectiveness and feasibility of establishing a PSANE program in Australia, this article may be of interest to other high income countries facing similar workforce challenges in meeting the needs of children with alleged sexual assault.