A longitudinal investigation of protective factors for bereaved maltreated youth

BackgroundMaltreated youth are at an elevated risk for the development of problem behaviors. Coping with the death of a family member or close friend during adolescence, referred to as bereavement, is a stressful event that could potentiate risk linked to maltreatment. However, developmental research suggests that youth adjustment is a product of multiple risk and protective factors. Although maltreated youth who experience loss may be particularly vulnerable to behavior problems, personal and contextual factors may attenuate or exacerbate youths’ risk for internalizing and externalizing psychopathology.ObjectiveThe overarching goal of this study is to examine individual, family, and community-level protective factors for maltreated youth who experience bereavement. Specifically, we aim to examine the effect of age 12 bereavement on age 16 internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, and to investigate the moderating role of multi-level protective factors at ages 14 and 16.MethodsThe study consisted of a sample of 800 youth (52.4% female, 45.1% African-American) drawn from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN), collected from 1998 to 2011.ResultsMaltreated youth who experienced significant loss were at increased risk for externalizing symptoms, compared to non-bereaved maltreated youth (β = 0.085, p < .05). Individual future orientation (β = 0.103, p < .05) family future orientation (β = −0.120, p < .05), parental monitoring (β = −0.123, p< .01), and neighborhood collective efficacy (β = −0.126, p < .01) each significantly moderated the association between bereavement and externalizing symptoms.ConclusionsThese results have implications for future interventions aimed towards reducing problem behaviors in adolescents with a history of child maltreatment and who experience bereavement.     

积极顺应时代需要 加快培养创新人才

要培养和造就适应时代发展需要的创新人才，就必须更新教育观念，确立以创新为核心的教育思想，突破旧的教学模式，构建以培养人的创新精神和创新能力为基本价值取向的新的教育体系。本文结合《地基有基础》课程教学实践，探讨顺应时代发展需要、树立创新教育思想、实施创新教学、培养创新人才的做法。     

1949年前的中国博物馆建筑

虽然1949年前的中国博物馆数量有限,但是博物馆建筑已呈现出多样化的风格。通过对初创时期中国博物馆建筑的回顾和分析,我们既可以看到中国传统建筑形式在博物馆建筑中的延续和发展,也可看到西方文化对中国博物馆建筑的影响和渗透,同时还可以看到中国近代建筑师为创造具有民族传统风格博物馆建筑的尝试和努力。     

EHCP Implementation in the Early Years: constrictions and possibilities

In England, Education and Health Care Plans (EHCPs) created changes for SENCOs, including those working in private, voluntary and independent (PVI) early years settings. Such SENCOs hold, as a minimum, a relevant Level-3 qualification, with subsequent training and support being optional, varied and sometimes difficult to access. This situation has implications for EHCP implementation and for the roles and responsibilities of SENCOs because effective realisation of the joint working, early identification and intervention prioritised in EHCPS require power, knowledge and skills. SENCOs from one Local Authority in England participated in this mixed-methods research. Identity theory and Bronfenbrenner's bio-ecological theory were applied to analyse the macro through to micro level influences. This revealed seven key influences: information and resources; ethos and support; quality of evidence; relationships; knowledge and skills; purpose and outcomes. This paper presents the manifestation of these in the experience of eight Early Years SENCOs working PVI settings.     

Do early care and education services improve language development for maltreated children? Evidence from a national child welfare sample

Young children under 6 years old are over-represented in the U.S. child welfare system (CWS). Due to their exposure to early deprivation and trauma, they are also highly vulnerable to developmental problems, including language delays. High quality early care and education (ECE) programs (e.g. preschool, Head Start) can improve children's development and so policymakers have begun calling for increased enrollment of CWS-supervised children in these programs. However, it is not a given that ECE will benefit all children who experience maltreatment. Some types of maltreatment may result in trauma-related learning and behavior challenges or developmental deficits that cause children to respond to ECE settings differently. The current study uses data from a nationally representative survey of children in the U.S. child welfare system, the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being II, to assess whether young CWS-supervised children (N = 1,652) who were enrolled in ECE had better language development outcomes 18 months later than those not enrolled in ECE. We also explore whether the type of maltreatment that brought children to the CWS’ attention moderates the relationship between ECE and children's language development. After controlling for children's initial scores on the Preschool Language Scale (PLS-3), type(s) of maltreatment experienced, and child and caregiver demographics, we found that ECE participation predicted better PLS-3 scores at follow-up, with a positive interaction between ECE participation and supervisory neglect. ECE seems to be beneficial for CWS-involved children's early language development, especially for children referred to the CWS because they lack appropriate parent supervision at home.     

Community implementation outcomes of Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up

Bringing evidence-based treatments to community practice is a critical challenge for the field. When implemented in the community, evidence-based treatments often fail to provide the benefits shown in laboratory settings. Therefore, when evidence-based treatments are transported to the community, it is essential to investigate implementation process and outcomes. The present study assessed whether Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC), an intervention for high-risk parents that has been shown to be efficacious in randomized clinical trials (RCTs), changed parent behavior in a community-based setting. This study examined data collected from 78 cases by 9 parent coaches in a diverse community setting in Hawaii, and compared data to benchmarks from RCTs. Parent coach fidelity was coded from intervention session video clips, and was also compared with benchmarks. Caregivers participating in ABC were primarily birth parents, and most were referred through Child Protective Services involvement or for reasons of harsh parenting or neglect. Parental behavior was assessed before and after intervention using a semi-structured play task. Increases in parental following the lead and delight, and decreases in parental intrusiveness, were observed; these changes were comparable to effect sizes observed in RCTs. Intent to treat analyses were conducted using behavioral data from videotaped sessions, and suggested that ABC also improved following the lead in parents who subsequently dropped out of treatment. These results support the viability of ABC for enhancing parenting behavior among parents at high risk for maltreatment, and demonstrate that parent coaches in community agencies can successfully implement ABC.     

20世纪20年代末30年代前期南京国民政府基层警政建设浅论

南京国民政府形式上统一中国后,为推行地方自治和建设现代化国家的需要,开始致力于基层警政的建设。国民政府颁布了相应的法令法规对基层警察建制作了规定,以期实现国家对基层的有效控制。但理想与现实之间存在着巨大的差距,事权不统一、经费严重匮乏、缺乏训练有素的员警、传统治安力量与现代警察间的冲突等原因,使国民政府的基层警政建设收效甚微。     

传统媒体融合发展的阶段和策略

媒体融合发展是当前国内传统媒体面临的迫切任务,从媒体融合发展的趋势和规律看,笔者认为传统媒体的融合发展过程可能需要经历三个主要的渐进发展阶段,为此,传统媒体也要采取有针对性的发展策略。     

刍议"以德治国"

江泽民同志提出的“以德治国”思想是指把道德作为管理国家、调控社会的手段,来指导国家各项方针、政策的创制、实施和执行。它的提出,是对历史上“德治”思想的总结与提升,并有其丰富的理论和现实基础;民主的道德性理论、政治社会化理论、治国方略理论和德法辩证关系等。当然,在实施“以德治国”的过程中,我们还必须处理好以下几个方面的问题;坚持邓小平理论的指导、营造舆论文化环境、加强道德教育和加强党的领导等。     

高职《土力学与地基基础》教学改革与实践

针对高职教育特点及教学现状,就《土力学与地基基础》课程,在教学内容、教学方法、实践环节及考核方式等方面进行了一系列的改革探索,谈了一些具体做法和设想,具有一定的实用性和可操作性。