Sport,the aesthetic and art

Abstract

This article discusses some recent attempts to develop an economic case that can justify proposals for curricular and institutional reform in education of a radical kind. It investigates the claim, which underpins current debates around a Labour Party alternative to Conservative education policy, that a new phase of development, often referred to as ‘post‐Fordism’, of the dominant economies of the western world provides the basis, and the necessity, for a new system of education which would realise a programme of egalitarian and democratic reform.     

后福特制与当代资本主义经济制度的演变

20世纪70年代以来,从福特制向后福特制的转型是当代资本主义经济制度新的演变趋势。作为具体的生产方式,福特制的基本特征是大规模生产与大规模消费的对应,而后福特制的特征则是柔性生产与个性化和多样化消费的对应。与这一生产组织方式转变相适应的是当代资本主义经济中的劳资关系、企业和产业政策以及国际关系等经济制度的改革和变迁。其中,新自由主义、新公司主义和新国家主义及其创新国家是当代资本主义经济制度演变的关键环节。     

福特主义、新福特主义和后福特主义--兼论当代发达资本主义国家生产方式的演变

20世纪60年代末期福特主义的危机,使西方发达资本主义国家进行了长达20余年的经济结构调整.在此过程中,逐渐形成了应对福特主义危机的两种模式新福特主义和后福特主义.从20世纪90年代发达资本主义国家的发展来看,后福特主义代表着当代发达资本主义国家生产方式演变的方向,其中精益生产模式逐渐成为占主导地位的生产方式.     

技术创新、组织变迁与职业教育发展

职业教育的形态、培养模式与规格,随着企业存在形态、组织形式、技术水平及人才素质要求而变化。手工业时代,以工场制生产为特征,学徒制即可满足定制生产需要,又有利于技能的代际传承;大工业时代,以福特制生产为特征,职业分工专门化、标准化,学校职业教育不断完善;20世纪70年代以来,以精益生产为特征,“弹性专精”化生产要求职业教育培养的人才应针对某一职业群,具有较宽的专业基础．同时具备创业、解决问题、沟通协作和自我管理能力。     

The high-tech,post-Fordist school

In many parts of the world, including Victoria, Australia, public schools are undergoing changes to the way they are administered, funded, and staffed and are being asked to accept a different mission and a different set of responsibilities. This paper points out that these structural changes to public school systems are explained and legitimized by their proponents through reference to post-Fordist arrangements of labour, capital, and technology, not through reference to educational discourses per se. At the same time computer-based technologies are being asked to play an increasingly prominent role in education, and it is argued that this computing-in-education project is a key strategy in moving aspects of post-Fordist reform from the administrative wing, down the corridor and through the classroom door. Finally, it is argued that both structural and technological change in school systems contribute to and are nurtured by the prevailing culture, best understood as the postmodern condition.This paper generalizes arguments arising from a case study of laptop computer use in schools (Arnold & Gilding, 1994).     

网络课程开发的后福特主义重构

后福特主义是随着生产力的发展和经济的转型从福特主义脱胎而来的,它代表着一种崭新的生产理念和生产方式。网络课程开发是随着网络技术的进步和课程类型的多元化而出现的新型课程开发形式。目前,网络课程开发理念、方法和过程方面已不能满足教育发展的需求,面临着严重的福特主义危机。因此,需要以后福特主义为指导,对网络课程开发的全过程进行整体重构,依据"塔巴模式"包括目标学生定义、教学目标制定、教学内容选择、教学内容组织、教学内容表现形式、教学评价活动和课程评价与维护等多个环节,为网络课程开发模式的逐步完善和成熟,提供理论研究与实践应用的基石。     

‘Intelligent capitalism’ and the disappearance of labour: Whitherto education?

This speculative paper enquires into the discourse of the ‘end of labour’ or ‘disappearance of labour’ as a result of the development of ‘intelligent capitalism’ clearly seen in ‘intelligent manufacturing’ systems that are now pursued and developed as Industry 4.0 strategy in East Asia, Germany and others parts of the world. When ‘intelligent capitalism’ becomes the norm rather the exception what happens to labour as a factor of production and what happens to economy and society based on capital and labour? The paper briefly reviews the sociology of labour from a Marxist view to examine conceptions of Fordist and post-Fordist capitalism, and explore the advert of ‘intelligent capitalism’ to pose the question concerning education.     

全球化、新国际劳动分工与全球城市的崛起

在全球化的背景下,世界经济的地域分布及其构成正在发生复杂而深刻的变化。特别是20世纪晚期,资本主义生产方式开始从福特主义向灵活积累转变。伴随这种转变而出现的“时空压缩”新体验,反映出资本对区位的选择更加敏感。新国际劳动分工本质上是跨国公司凭借资本优势将企业内部分工扩展到发展中国家的一种尝试,外国直接投资则是实现这一战略目标和生产布局的主要手段。上世纪80年代以后,外国直接投资主要流向服务业,金融业和高级生产者服务业也在世界主要城市趋于集中,“全球城市”（或称为“世界城市”）因此形成。在此过程中全球城市逐渐成为世界经济活动的主要单元,民族国家的力量则受到削弱,但两者之间错综复杂的关系并不像表面显示的那样简单,对此学界至今仍没有定论。     

Culture = politics: the emergence of new cultural forms of protest in the age of freeter

This paper examines new cultural and political movements that have developed outside of traditional leftist politics since the early 1990s in Japan. The new movements, including Dame‐ren, the Cardboard House Art movements in Shinjuku and recent anti‐war protests on the Iraqi war, were mainly led by young people, in particular, the freeter generation, who did not experience the leftist politics of the 1960s. These movements are different from traditional Marxist political ones and even from the new social movements in the 1960s and 1970s in the sense that they incorporate more cultural practices such as art, music, dance and performance into their political activities. The paper also explores the historical background against which the new movements were born and have developed since the end of the Bubble economy. It sees freeters, young part‐time workers, as emerging, new political actors that have appeared through the transition of a mode of production from Fordism to post‐Fordism. The transformation of society, economy and politics, known as ‘post‐modernization’ or recently as ‘globalization’, has asked us to re‐consider and re‐define the basic concepts such as class, proletariat, power, labour and work which we once shared. The paper tries to locate, through a critical examination, the new movements within a broader context of anti‐neo‐liberalism and anti‐globalization and find political potentiality within it.     

福特制是否走向终结——基于对福特制特征的考察

第二次产业革命建立现代大工业之后,西方资本主义企业主要实行以福特公司为代表的福特制生产方式。70年代以后,福特制模式出现,福特制是否已走向终结?本文围绕这个问题,以对福特制及其危机的简要分析开端,描述福特制的主要特征,来表明宣判"福特制已经终结"还为时过早,组织化生产渗透着福特制的典型特征。