Effects of viscoelastic properties of tendon structures on stretch – shortening cycle exercise in vivo

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures during stretch?–?shortening cycle exercise. The elongation of tendon and aponeurosis of the medial gastrocnemius muscle of 26 participants was measured by ultrasonography while they performed ramp isometric plantar flexion up to the voluntary maximum, followed by a ramp relaxation. The relationship between estimated muscle force and tendon elongation during the ascending phase was fitted to a linear regression, the slope of which was defined as stiffness. The percentage of the area within the muscle force?–?tendon elongation loop relative to the area beneath the curve during the ascending phase was defined as hysteresis. In addition, maximal voluntary concentric contractions at 2.09 and 3.14 rad?·?s^?1 with and without prior eccentric contractions were performed. The difference in the concentric torque at equivalent joint angles with and without prior eccentric contractions (i.e. pre-stretch augmentation) was negatively correlated with stiffness (P <?0.05) and hysteresis (P <?0.05). Furthermore, there was a higher correlation between the pre-stretch augmentation and the viscoelastic properties index – that is, the sum of normalized score values of stiffness and hysteresis (P <?0.01) – than with either stiffness or hysteresis alone. The results of this study suggest that performance during stretch?–?shortening cycle exercise is significantly affected by the viscoelastic properties of the tendon structures.     

磁光克尔法研究NiMn薄膜的磁性质

较详细介绍了磁光克尔效应的原理、测量方法以及磁光克尔法的实验装置,也介绍了实验装置中的仪器特点以及磁光克尔法的测量过程。从实验结果可以看出,NiMn多层薄膜有明显的磁滞行为,反映了NiMn多层薄膜的铁磁特性。     

分析导体电磁场时有效磁导率和复磁导率的计算

在计算铁磁媒质中非线性正弦电磁场时,需要对磁化曲线或磁滞回线进行处理。本文介绍了现有的几种处理方法,着重讨论时变电磁场数值计算中有效磁导率和复磁导率的计算方法,并论述了二者间的关系。     

Buck电路求解方法的研究

滞回比较器是一种多用途的比较器,本文中选择它来控制Buck电路。利用滞回比较器的滞回特性控制Buck电路的输出在一个很小的范围内变化,从而保证了系统具有很高的稳定性。对受滞回比较器控制的Buck电路而言,其输出的求解方法有状态空间法、微分方程法以及拉普拉斯变换法等。本文所提出的算法是基于状态空间法的,并在其基础上引入一种等价无穷小的概念,从而化简了转移矩阵,避免了由于直接利用状态空间法解方程而带来的不便。通过Matlab编程以及PSPICE仿真,都有力地验证了本解法的有效性和正确性。     

西北地区NDVI对水热条件年内变化的响应及其空间特征

利用西北地区1982年-2006年日均温与降水数据和GIMMS—NDVI数据,以时滞互相关法为基础,通过生态区划和植被类型两个层面分析了水热条件的季向变化同半月NDVI变化之间的相关关系,分析结果表明：①植被覆盖较好且海拔较低的山地区以及河流沿线的NDVI与气温、降水的相关程度相对较高,响应也较快,而盆地以及海拔较高的高原或山地区的相关程度相对较低且响应时间较长,初步判定是水热条件好的区域相关程度高且响应迅速,相反水热条件差的区域相关程度低且响应迟缓。进一步以西北地区生态地理区划分析西北地区水热状况对NDVI变化的影响,得出≥10℃积温和降水量大的地区NDVI与气温、降水的相关程度较大且响应快,相反则相关程度较小且响应慢,并且在半月均温和半月平均降水的共同作用下影响半月NDVI平均值的变化;②气温和降水变化对植被NDVI的影响程度从大到小依次为针叶林、灌丛和草原、草甸和草本沼泽、阔叶林与荒漠植被,即由东、西分别向荒漠植被,相关性逐渐减小。某一类型的植被的生长对气温的要求高,则这类植被与气温的相关程度高且响应快,相反植被的生长对气温的要求低,则这类植被与气温的相关程度则低且响应慢,对于降水也是如此。     

两端锚定的单链聚电解质在交流电场中的滞后效应

在均匀的交流电场作用下,应用布朗动力学模拟方法,研究了两端锚定的柔性和半柔性的单链聚电解质的动力学行为。研究结果表明,链段的位置随交流电场的变化表现出类似于磁滞回线的滞后效应,随着交流电的频率减小,这种滞后效应运渐消失,成为一条单一的曲线。本项目针对两端锚定的聚电解质随交流电场变化的动力学行为的研究,文献中未见报道。     

劳动力市场回滞理论及其应用研究

回滞现象存在于劳动力市场中。西方国家经济学家对劳动力市场回滞现象十分关注，并进行了持久、深入的研究，且在20世纪80年代产生了劳动力市场回滞理论。回滞理论在西方国家劳动力市场分析方面得到有效应用，它对分析我国劳动力市场情况、帮助解决我国失业问题有着重要的参考价值。     

Review：Recent advances in nonlinear control technologies for shape memory alloy actuators

This paper reviews recent developments in nonlinear control technologies for shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators in robotics and their related applications. SMA possesses large hysteresis, low bandwidth, slow response, and non-linear behavior, which make them difficult to control. The fast response of the SMA actuator mostly depends upon, (1) type of controller, (2) rate of addition and removal of heat, and (3) shape or form of the actuator. Though linear controllers are more desirable than nonlinear ones, the review of literature shows that the results obtained using nonlinear controllers were far better than the former one. Therefore, more emphasis is made on the nonlinear control technologies taking into account the intelligent controllers. Various forms of SMA actuator along with different heating and cooling methods are presented in this review, followed by the nonlinear control methods and the control problems encountered by the researchers.     

Theory and experiment of observer based magnetostrictive self-sensing actuator

Giant magnetostrictive actuators （GMAs） often work in a close-loop feedback system. This system needs independent sensors which may be difficult to be fixed, besides, excessive sensors may cause more unpredicted problems in a large system. This paper aims to develop a self-sensing GMA. An observer based on piezomagnetic equations is constructed to estimate the stress and strain of the magnetostrictive material. The observer based self-sensing approach depends on the facts that the magnetic field is controllable and that the magnetic induction is measurable. Aiming at the nonlinear hysteresis in magnetization, a hysteresis compensation observer based on Preisach model is developed. Experiment verified the availability of the observer approach, and the hysteresis compensation observer has higher tracking precision than linear observer for dynamic force sensing.     

Computation of rolling resistance caused by rubber hysteresis of truck radial tire

Applying the results of stress and strain calculated by 3D finite element model of truck radial tire 11.00R20, a MATLAB program used to compute rolling resistance of the tire caused by hysteresis rolling resistance (HRR) is worked out. The HRR distribution on different part of tire section, and the effects of speed, load, internal pressure and the width of the rim on HRR are analyzed. The analysis results showed that energy loss produced by tread rubber contributes the most part to HRR of the whole tire, and that to decrease the HRR, the hysteresis factor of the tread rubber should be reduced, and the distribution of the stress and strain on the section be optimized.