A Safe,Helpful, and Ubiquitous Place That Requires Further Study

In this article, Bradley Wade Bishop sets forth the unspoken premise that public libraries that offer desired services to their constituents are going to succeed. This article has many specific examples of emergency and continuing services that small public libraries provide. It also suggests the need for extensive research on successful libraries which illustrate all sorts of rules about how to meet the future successfully.     

Comparative studies of authoritarian-personality characteristics across culture, language and methods

This research was to determine whether the large differences in scores on the F scale found in previous studies (Bradburn, 1963; Kagitcibasi, 1970; Kinnis, 1977) were due to cultural differences in personality characteristics or due to differences in language and/or structure of measuring instruments.The subjects were three groups of university students from the United States and Turkey. The Turkish/English (T/E) sample attended a Turkish University where all classes were in English. The Turkish/Turkish (T/T) sample attended a Turkish University where all classes were in Turkish. The American/English (A/E) sample attended a Midwestern University.Each of the samples were administered three Scales measuring authoritarian personality characteristics. They were: Rokeach's (1960) Dogmatism scale (D scale) the standard F scale (Adorno et al., 1950) and a multiple choice format of the F scale called A scale (Neel, 1977). For the T/E and A/E subjects these scales were in English and for the T/T subjects in Turkish.For each cultural group the composite scores on each scale were obtained and used for inter-group comparisons through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Within-group correlations across the three measures, the means and standard deviations of individual items and T tests were also computed. Interculture and language comparisons resulted in two significant differences on both the Dogmatism and F scales. Analysis of group, composite scales shows that these differences are due to disparities between the A/E and T/T culture/language groups. Differences across language and culture groups for the A scale were not significant. The A measure behaves differently from D and F for the two Turkish culture groups. For the A/E group, D, F, and A measures are almost undifferentiable. The results suggest the effect of measurement instruments on inter-cultural differences in inter-measure comparisons. This indicates a response format effect (agreer bias or acquiescence set).     

On inserting questions before or after segments of text

It has been concluded in all major reviews of adjunct question research that a group given questions after related text segments (postquestions) yields greater recall than a group given questions before related text segments (prequestions) or one not given any questions at all. However, closer examination of the earlier research and an analysis of recent research reveals that for certain types of verbatim questions and for certain high level questions, postquestions produce recall equivalent to or less than prequestions. Moreover, in many studies wherein postquestions exceed prequestions, the postquestion group equals the reading-only control group in recall of nonquestioned (incidental) material. Hence, despite frequent pronouncements to the contrary, no firm recommendation can be made regarding the optimal placement of adjunct questions in text material.     

我国高等教育创新主体的概念、内涵与构成

本文界定了高等教育创新主体的概念,讨论了高等教育创新主体的内涵,对可能构成高等教育创新主体的高等教育主体进行了分析,指出政府、高校和教师构成了高等教育创新主体,而社会和学生由于缺乏创新的动力和能力不能构成高等教育创新主体,只能是高等教育创新活动的影响因素。     

剖析社会治理研究中的一个分析框架--从《公共管理伦理学》看坚持马克思主义的学术创新方向

张康之教授在<公共管理伦理学>一书中提出了一个具有一定解释力的分析框架,对"公共管理运动"作出了一种尝试性的解读.这一分析框架反映了张康之教授坚持用马克思主义理论解决现实问题和把握历史发展进程的理论探索精神,是把马克思主义的理论和方法运用到实际科学研究中所取得的一个可喜收获.<公共管理伦理学>在理论形式上是由一组抽象而具体的概念所构成的;在理论方法上所走的是一条逻辑与历史统一的路径;在理论内核上是以对伦理关系的"本原性"解读为标志;在理论宗旨上所追求的是对公共管理这一社会治理模式进行道德化建构.这是一个正确的学术创新方向.     

水上救生运动的起源与发展

水上救生事业是一项“拯溺救难”的高尚事业,是人道主义精神和精神文明建设的具体体现。对水上救生事业的起源进行了回顾,并对其发展进行了阐述,以期更好地继承和发扬这一高尚的事业。     

Univariate analysis of multivariate outcomes in educational psychology

Multiple operational definitions in educational psychology research reflect the complexity inherent in both theoretical and empircal inquiry into teaching-learning activities and their interactions. The application of univariate techniques, however, to analyze multiply operationalized constructs results in profligate Type I error rates. The present purpose was to examine the prevalence of multiple operational definitions of outcome constructs and to estimate the incidence of Type I error rates when univariate procedures are applied to multiple variables in educational psychology.     

The A.M.I.G.O. project: A multicultural intergroup opportunity

This paper describes an empirical investigation of changes incurred as a result of participation in a semester-long intercultural experience. “The A.M.I.G.O. Project” is conducted in small group communication classes and requires students to meet and interact weekly with foreigners living in their community. The project is designed to allow college students to obtain some of the benefits of a foreign experience without going abroad. The program is also intended to provide a meaningful and worthwhile experience to individuals temporarily living in the U.S. A single-factor repeated measures analysis of variance was used to examine differences between participants and non-participants at the beginning and end of the semester. Five dependent variables-acceptance of differences, openness to new ideas, importance of foreign exchange, responsibility toward foreigners living in the community, and attitudes toward peace-were evaluated. The results of the questionnaire strongly indicate a significant change in the attitudes of the participants. Overall, students became more accepting of diversity and differences, felt greater responsibility to and increased importance of foreign visitors to the United States, and developed a sense of importance and desire for travel abroad. Furthermore, the members of the English as a Second Language class [the Amigos] demonstrated significantly greater improvement on their English proficiency exams than non-participants. Implications of the results and a discussion of the limitations of the study conclude with suggestions for future research.     

Affection as a separate dimension of meaningfulness

The meaningfulness of affectively significant (liked) materials has been shown to be separate from traditional explanations of meaningfulness, such as familiarity and rehearsal, in the verbal learning laboratory. The present investigation studied affective meaningfulness in the learning of course materials. Before the course began, students rated summaries of the study units of their course for affection. As predicted, subjects obtained higher examination grades on liked topics than on disliked topics, independently of perhaps the most prominent “rehearsal” explanation, amount of study on the various units. Also as expected, poor students showed a greater reliance on affective meaningfulness in their learning than did good students. Greater awareness of the role of affection in learning is recommended. Present findings suggest that considering this dimension of meaningfulness to be merely a by-product of familiarity or rehearsal may be the most detrimental to the students with the most learning difficulty.     

8031单片机P1口的拓展

本文介绍了8031单片机P1口的变通使用方法及其编程要点,并指出使用P1口时的注意事项。