PIXE and IRR analysis of sixteenth-century ink drawings by Luca Cambiaso and his school

Abstract

Non-invasive and non-contact analyses were performed on a group of 28 ink drawings ascribed to the sixteenth-century Italian painter Luca Cambiaso and his followers. Drawings analysed in this investigation were selected from the collections of Musei di Strada Nuova in Genoa and of Museo del Prado in Madrid. Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), carried out at the Centro de Micro-Análisis de Materiales of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and at the Università di Firenze, provided elemental data on the inks and papers. The drawings in Genoa were studied at the Università di Genova using infrared relectography (IRR) and optical microscopy. Elemental composition of the inks was determined by comparison with a set of certified thin standards. Elemental analysis indicates that all of the drawings were executed with iron gall ink, except for one case where a mixed carbon black and iron gall ink was used. The PIXE data showed variations in the elemental concentrations of the materials used in the various inks, indicating the use of different recipes in their production. In some cases, these differences may help corroborate stylistic judgements to confirm or deny Cambiaso's authorship and separate autograph drawings from those of his pupils or imitators. PIXE analysis was also used to distinguish the presence of retouches and later additions. In some drawings, the combined use of IRR and optical microscopy revealed the presence of a dry carbon-based underdrawing, following a working method that seems more consistent with a workshop procedure than with the drawing technique of the master himself.     

内部收益率法局限性认识及其改进思路

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内部报酬率法新解

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跨境风险投资绩效影响因素——基于中国市场的实证研究

20世纪90年代以来,随着全球经济一体化进程的加快,风险投资也呈现出了国际化趋势,这种跨国界的投资行为形成了一种新的国际投资活动--跨境风险投资。近年来,跨境风险投资在中国风险投资市场中占据着举足轻重的地位。本文主要目的是探讨跨境风险投资机构在中国市场的本土化经验是否影响跨境风险投资的绩效表现。本文搜集了1998年至2012年末进入中国跨境风险投资退出的551个风险投资项目,在先前研究提出的外资风险投资机构人力资本衡量方法的基础上,本文改进并提出了对跨境风险投资在中国市场的本土化经验的三个方面的衡量方法。实证结果表明,跨境风险投资的本土从业经验和本土投资专业性是跨境风险投资绩效的显著影响因素,并且跨境风险投资的投资周期和退出方式也会在一定程度上影响项目的投资绩效。     

基于代理问题的资本预算探讨

文章运用现代主流的公司理财理论企业价值最大化的原理,论述了代理问题和非对称信息所导致的净现值作为资本预算标准在实现最优资本预算结果中的无效性,以及它为什么会被内含报酬率法和现值指数所取代,同时也说明了综合运用多种预算标准进行财务决策的趋势和重要性。     

资本预算净现值法则和内含收益率法则比较分析

作为资本预算的主要技术方法,净现值(NPV)法则和内含收益率(IRR)法则在对一些项目的评估中常常出现矛盾,净现值(NPV)法则存在着许多局限性。     

投资决策中NPV与IRR的矛盾性分析

企业在进行投资决策时一般选用NPV和IRR等决策指标,而这两个指标在具体应用中会产生很多差异。从公式角度对两者产生矛盾的情况进行分析,认为产生矛盾的主要原因是本身的经济含义不同。再投资率的假设不同也是由于指标本身的定义引申出来的。在此基础上,对NPV和IRR进行总结,以便投资者对其有更本质的认识和应用。     

What is it about strategic implications of using financial models in the process of technology management?

This paper analyses strategic implications of using the financial models in evaluating research and development (R&D) technology investments. It also discusses the challenges of applying the financial models in valuing intellectual property (IP). This paper reveals how conventional financial models fail to recognise the importance of strategic positioning since there are limits in terms of using the quantified approaches to measure R&D performance. From the technology management perspective, it is argued that financial models need to be reconciled with technology strategies since today's investments have linkages with firms' competitiveness in the long run.     

对净现值和内含报酬率的综合修正

净现值(NPV)和内含报酬率(IRR)是项目投资决策中两个重要的评价标准。传统的NPV和IRR的计算存在固有的缺陷,给实际应用带来了困难。本文从一个新的角度,基于再投资假设和对项目现金流的重新分类,综合地修正了NPV和IRR的计算模式,使它们更加符合事实。