Public library trends

Public libraries tend to be taken for granted. They can be found in nearly every community and are used by a substantial proportion of the population, particularly the young and the old. Yet the public library service, as it is today, is a relatively recent phenomenon. Despite their origins in the mid-19th century, the widespread network of public libraries is largely the product of the post-war welfare state. The demand for the service grew rapidly during the war and in the immediate post-war period. Provision to meet the demand was constrained initially by the competing demands for reconstruction, but by 1960 the service was ready to expand. The growth was consolidated by the 1964 Public Libraries and Museums Act and was given further emphasis by the 1962 Bourdillon standards (Ministry of Education, 1962). The Act and the standards provided the impetus for what might be described as the golden age of public libraries. This brief period was brought to an abrupt end by the economic crises of the mid-1970s and the subsequent downward pressure on public expenditure. The service managed to hold its own during the late 1970s and early 1980s but since then it has been in decline, with the rate of decline accelerating during the 1990s as new requirements and increasing costs stretched diminishing resources even further, to the point where the overall level of provision now falls well short of the basic standards that were considered to be essential in the early 1960s.     

数字信息资源长期保存技术策略分析*

技术策略作为数字信息资源长期保存中至关重要的组成部分，在很多项目中得到了广泛地研究。简略地介绍技术策略的发展概况，分析技术策略分析框架中的关键因素，详细描述几种独特的保存技术策略的理论和实践方法，并对这几种保存技术策略进行简略的总结对比。     

数字信息资源长期保存系统的标准体系研究*

标准体系的研究和建立是数字信息资源长期保存系统活动中不容忽视的问题，然而，正确认识标准规范在数字信息资源长期保存系统建设中的作用也至关重要。从系统实现角度分析数字信息资源长期保存系统的标准体系，重点在于分析标准的作用、主要标准和项目应用，而非对系统建设过程中涉及的标准的穷尽。     

基于Fedora的数字资源管理方案的研究与实现

以清华大学开展的数字资源长期保存，数字图书馆的建设为背景，通过对开放源代码的Fedora系统框架的研究，以及和DSpace系统的比较，提出了基于Fedora的数字资源管理方案，为解决不同种类数字资源统一存储管理问题提供了思路和方法。     

网上信任评价模型及其因素研究

缺乏信任被认为是电子商务潜能充分发挥的主要障碍之一。在国外信任实证研究的基础上,提出了网上信任研究的拓扑结构,并分别阐述了这一模型中信任前因、信任表现因子及信任结果的构成要素。     

现代性的后果与沈从文湘西小说的救赎功能

“现代性”的发展在给社会带来进步、变化的同时,也产生了一些消极的后果,如吉登斯所说的“断裂”和弗洛伊德所说的“文明的代价”。韦伯则认为现代艺术(包括文学)具有对这种后果进行“救赎”的功能。沈从文的“湘西小说”正是通过对湘西世界美好人性和健康自然的生命的揭示,来达到对他的都市小说中暴露出来的现代文明病的进行“救赎”的目的。     

The relationship between exposure to family violence in childhood and post-traumatic stress symptoms in young adulthood: The mediating role of social support

BackgroundExtensive research has examined the relationship between exposure to family violence and its long-term mental health effects. Social support has been found to moderate this relationship, but there is a dearth of research on its mediating role.ObjectivesThe article presents the results of a study on the relationship between witnessing interparental violence and experiencing parental violence during childhood and adolescence on the one hand, and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) during young adulthood on the other. In addition, the article presents results on the role of social support as a mediator in this relationship.Method, participants, and settingA cross-sectional survey was conducted among 516 Israeli university and college students (90.7% female, and 9.3% male; M age = 24.9, SD = 2.7) using a retrospective, self-administered questionnaire.ResultsThe results revealed that exposure to each pattern of family violence (i.e., witnessing interparental violence and experiencing parental violence) predicted higher levels of PTSS. Furthermore, social support was found to partially mediate the relationship between exposure to family violence during childhood and adolescence and current PTSS as well as its four symptoms, i.e., depression, sleep disturbance, dissociation, and anxiety.ConclusionsThe results of the current study highlight the important role of social support in the association between adversities experienced early in life and young adulthood outcomes. The findings are interpreted on the basis of Conservation of Resources Theory (Hobfoll et al., 1990), which served as the conceptual framework for the study. The limitations of the study and implications for future research are discussed.     

Categories as Rhetorical Barriers and the Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina

I explore the role of categories as rhetorical barriers in organizations responding to crisis (Veil, 2011 Veil, S. R. (2011). Mindful learning in crisis management. Journal of Business Communication, 48(2), 116–147. doi:10.1177/0021943610382294[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). I analyze some problematic categories of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the categories’ impact on the organizations’ response to Hurricane Katrina. My analysis shows that unintended and perverse consequences (Giddens, 1984 Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. [Google Scholar], 1987 Giddens, A. (1987). Social theory and modern sociology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. [Google Scholar]) reversed the power of a key legitimated category (Orlikowski, 1995 Orlikowski, W. J. (1995). Categories: Concept, content, and context. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 3, 73–78.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]; Giddens, 1984 Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. [Google Scholar]) and exposed a set of reified categories (Giddens, 1984 Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. [Google Scholar]).     

分数跳－扩散模型的标准回望期权定价

文章以看涨期权为例探讨了分数跳－扩散模型的标准回望期权定价问题,其中 H∈（12,1）,并给出了定价公式。