The process of review: A levels of processing approach

This experiment investigated the effects of reviewing notes at a deeper level of abstraction, by means of reorganization. No differences in immediate recognition performance were found for subjects who reorganized notes into an instructor-generated matrix versus subjects who reviewed in their typical manner. An interaction between method of review and type of delayed test was apparent. Reorganization during review resulted in relatively higher achievement on a free recall test while unstructured review produced higher achievement on a cued recall exam. This interaction was unpredicted by the theory of encoding specificity but was explained in regard to the theory of episode matching. Instructionally, reorganization was advocated as a review technique for most learning situations in which retrieval cues are not imposed.     

《了不起的盖茨比》中"房宅"意义探析

布坎农夫妇的乔治王殖民时代大厦、位于纽约158号大街的茉特尔公寓、盖茨比的诺曼底式豪宅是世界经典佳作《了不起的盖茨比》中三座至关重要的房宅，其中的情景细节皆具有丰富的内涵，因而赋予房宅本身耐人寻味的象征意义。本文通过对三座房宅及其有关的背景细节进行深入细致的探讨。揭示了它们蕴含的深远的社会意义和对深化作品主题、增强作品的思想性和艺术感染力所起的举足轻重的作用。     

Comparison and Classification of Documents Based on Layout Similarity

This paper describes features and methods for document image comparison and classification at the spatial layout level. The methods are useful for visual similarity based document retrieval as well as fast algorithms for initial document type classification without OCR. A novel feature set called interval encoding is introduced to capture elements of spatial layout. This feature set encodes region layout information in fixed-length vectors by capturing structural characteristics of the image. These fixed-length vectors are then compared to each other through a Manhattan distance computation for fast page layout comparison. The paper describes experiments and results to rank-order a set of document pages in terms of their layout similarity to a test document. We also demonstrate the usefulness of the features derived from interval coding in a hidden Markov model based page layout classification system that is trainable and extendible. The methods described in the paper can be used in various document retrieval tasks including visual similarity based retrieval, categorization and information extraction.     

Dr Smith goes to Los Alamos

Long before the complex pressure-temperature phase diagram of plutonium (shown below) was determined, Cyril Stanley Smith’s suggestion that adding small amounts of some impurity atoms to liquid plutonium might retard its undesirable transformation to the brittle alpha phase enabled the fabrication of the world’s first nuclear device tested successfully in New Mexico on July 16, 1945.     

Students' note-taking behaviors and the efficacy of providing the instructor's notes for review

College students viewed a videotaped lecture with or without taking notes. Average performance between the two groups did not differ on an immediate test. The encoding effect of note taking was therefore unsupported. Two days later, note takers reviewed their notes while listeners reviewed the instructor's notes in preparation for the delayed exam. Subjects who reviewed the instructor's notes achieved significantly more, on factual items, than did subjects who reviewed their own relatively brief and unorganized notes. Thus, listening to a lecture and subsequently reviewing the instructor's notes prior to a delayed exam leads to relatively higher achievement than does the traditional method of taking and reviewing personal lecture notes.     

科学家的社会责任——以“曼哈顿计划”为例

本文用科学社会学和科学社会史的方法 ,回顾了“二次大战”盟国实施“曼哈顿计划”的经过 ,藉此探讨科学家的社会责任