An analysis of assignment completion and accuracy across time under fixed, variable, and extended token exchange periods in a classroom token economy

This research investigated the effects of employing fixed, variable, and extended token exchange periods for backups on the completion and quality of daily assignments of a total fifth- and sixth-grade class. The results indicated a higher percentage of assignments was completed when the number of days between point exchanges was variable, and that performance was maintained when the number of school days between point exchanges was gradually increased. The overall accuracy on assignments was high, but varying, and did not appear to be under the systematic control of the experimental procedures. Data for all pupils indicated that there were individual differences as to the effects of the various token (point) exchange procedures. Pupils with inconsistent assignment completion during Fixed Exchange Conditions (Fixed Period (FP-I, -II, -III) increased their assignment completion during the Variable Token Exchange Procedures (Variable Period (VP)-I, -II, -III). Thus, the variable sequencing of the number of days should be an important consideration in any effort to maintain the positive effects of token-reinforcement systems within classroom settings.     

在梦幻与现实之间游走的灵魂——释梦学说视域下《金色眼睛的映像》中的梦境解析

弗洛伊德认为梦境是"一种有意义、有价值的心理现象",小说中的梦境不仅是故事本身的组成部分,而且也是叙事手法的组成部分,既是小说描写的延伸,又推动了故事情节的发展。美国著名女作家卡森·麦卡勒斯在其小说《金色眼睛的映像》中巧妙运用梦境的迁移、补偿和预测功能,使故事叙事虚实相生,人物性格及扭曲心理得以更好地凸显,深化了她一以贯之的精神隔绝和人性荒诞的主题描写。