小叶榕榕-蜂互利共生系统中资源分配模式

为了研究榕-蜂互利共生系统中繁殖资源的分配模式,本研究比较了小叶榕榕果内的种子及小蜂后代数量。研究结果表明：榕果内传粉榕小蜂小蜂数量显著高于种子数量。随着榕果内小蜂后代数量的增加,种子数量也呈增加的趋势,但其增加趋势并不显著。这说明传粉榕小蜂更倾向于在榕果内孕育更多的后代,而非种子。所以说在榕-蜂互利共生系统资源的分配上,传粉榕小蜂应该占主导地位。除传粉榕小蜂外,小叶榕榕果内还寄生着一种非传粉榕小蜂W.kurandensis,该种小蜂仅影响种子产出,而不影响传粉榕小蜂的后代数。这可能是由于该种小蜂与种子都利用榕果内同种空间分布类型繁殖资源资源造成的。     

Social contexts of learning literate language: The role of varied, familiar, and close peer relationships

Two prominent theories in evolutionary biology have stressed the role of social contexts in the evolution of primate cognition. One theory holds that cognition evolved in the context of individuals having to keep track of their interactions with a variety of conspecifics. In the other theory, cognition evolved in the contexts of familiar and close social relationships. In this paper, we present two experiments examining the effects of varied, familiar, and close social contacts on preschool children's literate language and story re-reading. We hypothesized, based on developmental evolutionary theory, that closeness, in the form of increased familiarity and friendship, would maximize children's expression of emotional terms, conflict/resolution cycles, collaborative responses, literate language, and story re-readings. In Study 1, children were exposed to one of two conditions. In the more familiar condition, initially unfamiliar children interacted with the same peer across four separate observations. In the less familiar, varied condition, a focal child interacted with a different unfamiliar peer on four separate occasions. Consistent with predictions, children in the more familiar condition increased their use of emotional terms and literate language and story re-reading with time. In Study 2, a familiar group (as defined in Study 1) was compared with children in bestfriend dyads. As predicted, friends outperformed familiar peers initially, but between-group differences decreased across time while children's performance in the familiar group increased across time. Results are discussed in terms of the role of familiarity in the evolution of cooperation and cognition.     

文学的哲学研究变革——从一元论走向互元论

从辩证法和经验实际可知,宇宙间的一切事物都是相互依存而共时发生的,没有什么最后终极性的“唯一者”。这说明,要认识和揭示文学的本质,必须站在现实生活、作家、文本、欣赏者之四者抽象统一的理性立场上,将四者看作不同性质的实体性存在。     

论埃德尔曼的神经达尔文主义意识观

埃德尔曼提出了以进化论为基础的神经达尔文主义意识观,认为进化高级阶段出现的特性不能被还原为低级阶段的特性,反对意识研究的还原论。这一意识观对意识研究科学观和方法论的转变有重要的启示意义,但也面临种种困境。后现代互助论方向可能成为其未来的进路。     

A critique of mutualism’s combination of the Aristotelian and Kantian traditions

In this article, I will identify two key normative principles at the core of Robert L. Simon’s mutualist theory of sport, namely, the respect-for-the-opponent principle and the idea that sport is a practice aimed at pursuing excellence. The former is a Kantian principle grounded in human beings’ rationality, and the latter is an Aristotelian principle related to the development of excellences as a means to human flourishing. After having presented and analyzed both principles, I will critically evaluate Simon’s attempt to combine them within his mutualist approach. To conclude, I will highlight the challenges that mutualism should face to complete such a combination more successfully.

Abbreviation: Categorical imperative (CI)