试论诺曼底征服对英语词汇的影响

英语中的许多词汇来源于法语,法语对英语词汇有着深刻的影响,造成此影响最重要的原因之一即诺曼底 征服。法语对英语词汇的影响主要表现在政府、宗教、法律等方面,至今法语对英语词汇的这种影响还在继续。     

体现在诺曼·梅勒作品《杀人者之歌》中的存在主义

揭示和表现了在梅勒作品《杀人者之歌》中的人物盖雷·吉尔摩身上的存在主义 ,并研究了产生这一人物的社会根源。这一人物的悲剧是美国特定社会下主人公处于困境中导致的 ,是吉尔摩对社会的无奈选择和出路所在。     

Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Similarities in the Norman Influence,Contact and “Conquests” of Sicily,Southern Italy and England

The establishment of the so-called “Norman World” is a debated phenomenon. The influence of the Normans can be found throughout Europe in matters of politics, warfare, and cultural interaction. The empire established by the Normans from the tenth through the thirteenth centuries was based upon the fighting prowess and military might of a people led by notable men such as William the Conqueror and Robert Guiscard. The similarities and differences between the Norman conquests of the eleventh century reveal reciprocity in contact, influence, and exchange among Norman populations. Similarly, the autonomy and distinctness of Norman populations from England to the Mediterranean remained. This article explores the extent of Norman contact, areas of influence and methods of exchange during the most active Norman conquests of the Middle Ages.     

The Meaning of Urban Violence in Africa: Bulawayo,Southern Rhodesia, 1890–1960

Until recently the abundant literature on South African urban history has seen violence in towns and cities in terms either of anti-colonial protest or of labour consciousness. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission defined the urban violence with which it was concerned as exclusively political. More recently, however, questions of spatiality, township culture, generation, and gender have offered alternative or supplementary explanations.

This article moves from the South African historiography to the less well known history of Southern Rhodesian towns and townships. In particular it focuses on Rhodesia's main industrial centre, Bulawayo. Between 1929 and 1960 there were four dramatic events in Bulawayo which involved varying degrees of violence. These were the ‘faction fights' of December 1929; the railway strike of 1946; the general strike of April 1948; and the so-called zhii riots of 1960. There have recently been authoritative analyses of the 1946 and 1948 strikes. This article therefore concentrates on the events of 1929 and 1960.

The 1929 ‘faction fights' have been claimed for political economy by a classic article which sees them essentially as a response to changing patterns of colonial labour exploitation; the 1960 riots have been claimed as the first achievement of confrontational African nationalism in Southern Rhodesia. This article argues that an alternative explanation can be found in internal African struggles for dominance of an emerging black urban culture. It analyses the 1929 violence as a struggle between ‘stylish’ young labour migrants and a longer established township elite. It analyses the 1960 riots as a ‘war’ between the township poor and the newly prosperous traders and rentiers. Both episodes greatly complicated the prospects for a unitary urban nationalism or for effective and combined labour action.     

中文题名（宋体四号字加粗）

（黑体五号字）：摘要文字用楷体五号字。     

Map and Geospatial Research and Reference Services at a Large Public Library: An Overview of the Leventhal Map Center

The Norman B. Leventhal Map Center (LMC) is a non-profit organization that provides stewardship of the Boston Public Library's (BPL) cartographic collections. The LMC moved into a new space in 2011 that displays rotating exhibitions and opens the collection for public inquiry, increasing awareness of reference services and research within the collection. In-person research numbers have declined slightly since 2012 as the LMC grows their digital collections. The LMC has made additional efforts to address increasing interest from tech-enabled researchers through the creation of a new digital collections website, by use of personas to inform design and providing workshops aimed at lowering the bar for entry into using GIS, and creating digital spatial indexes to supplement paper map indexes.     

Kiowa forty-nine singing: A communication perspective

Kiowa Forty-Nine singing is a social activity in which important aspects of Kiowa culture are performed and revealed through traditional communicative activities. The purpose of this study was to examine forty-nining as it serves to reveal cultural patterns of interaction. Rooted in ethnomethodology, this field research combined personal interviews and content analysis. The data first provided a general characterization of forty-nining; subsequent analysis produced distinguishable, but interrelated, sets of rules which regulate the nature and structure of forty-nines. Patterns identified in the fortynines can be extended to other intratribal interaction, as well as to intercultural communication. Better conception of these interactive patterns may foster better understanding of Kiowa intercultural relations.     

Reader and nonreader conception of the spoken word

The development of the concept of word in readers and nonreaders was investigated. Five reader and nonreader male students from four age groups (6.5–7.5; 7.6–8.5; 8.6–9.5; 9.6–10.5) were tested using the procedures developed by J. Downing and P. Oliver (Reading Research Quarterly, 1973–1974, 9, 581–586). Results from an analysis of variance indicated significant effects for reading levels (p < .001), age (p < .05), stimuli (p < .01), and a significant interaction between reading level and stimulus class (p < .05). Evidence indicates nonreaders may be confused about the differences between a short word and phonemes, syllables, sentences, and long words.     

Cognitive style and complex concept acquisition

College undergraduates classified by the Hidden Figures Test as high, medium, or low analytic studied one of two lesson types. Both lessons taught four complex nondimensioned concepts from the area of social learning by presenting a definition followed by either positive examples or positive and negative examples. Immediate acquisition was assessed by a test requiring subjects to identify positive and negative examples. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction on the dependent variable requiring the identification of positive examples.     

The Influence of Norman Conquest on the development of English Society

Norman Conquest was the last foreign invasion suffered by England.This conquest served as a turning point,after which England was put on the way to becoming powerful.This change resulted from a series of reforms in terms of politics,religion and economy by the conqueror.The present paper attempts to trace these reforms.