布雷顿森林体系与美国霸权

战后美国的超级大国地位奠定了其作为布雷顿森林体系的主要设计师地位,美国得以在这一体系中贯彻其门户开放型新殖民主义的全球扩张战略。另一方面,布雷顿森林体系也是经济全球化趋势与国家垄断资本主义发展的产物,美国因此成为牵引全球化的火车头。美国主导之下的布雷顿森林体系进一步加强了美国的经济、政治霸主地位。     

挪威学前教育的《日间护养机构的框架计划》

挪威学前教育的《日间护养机构的框架计划》对于我国《幼儿园教育指导纲要(试行)》的解读和贯彻实施具有重要的借鉴意义。该框架计划可分为三个主要的部分:第一部分是“总论”,提出了日间护养机构的工作目标和基本原则。第二部分是“内容——学习和体验的领域”。第三部分是关于“计划的运用”。本文重点讨论了第二部分,即日间护养机构的工作内容。在此基础上,本文提出了该框架计划的启示意义。     

Learning for Vocation Apprentice Participation in Work Practice

The high drop-out rate in upper secondary education is a major challenge to European and US educational programmes. Upper secondary education in Norway faces a similar challenge, because in recent decades, around one-third of the students drop out of the educational programmes. The majority of the drop-outs are students in vocational programmes, and a substantial number are apprentices at the workplace. With these high drop-out rates and the ensuing personal, social and economic consequences, it is vital to address how upper secondary education systems can keep students connected throughout the programmes. By thoroughly analyzing learning environments and the experiences, interactions and processes which youth deal with during vocational education, insights into how characteristics of the learning environments relate to dropping-out and connectedness may be brought into educational discussions. The case study presented in this article explores how workplaces constitute learning environments and how apprentices participate in the learning environments of work according to their dispositions, aims and life plans. The findings show that the apprentices had different agencies and that they were involved in two distinct participation patterns at the workplace： a collaborative pattern and an executive pattern. Our findings also suggest that strong agency for the vocation may keep apprentices connected throughout the educational programme, although they are aftbrded an executive participation pattern. Based on our findings, it is appropriate to raise questions as to whether an unclear agency for the vocation, together with affordance of executive participation patterns, may suggest one possible answer for the high drop-out rate among apprentices.     

挪威国家中小学音乐课程标准解读

1997年,挪威政府对义务教育课程进行了一系列改革和调整,并于1999年由挪威国家教育部重新制定并实施了新的国家课程标准——《挪威10年义务教育课程标准》。音乐课程是挪威10年义务教育核心课程的一个组成部分,对其音乐课程的目标、内容及途径的分析和评价,将为我国基础教育音乐课程改革提供一定的借鉴。     

循环林──森林资源良性循环的经营模式

本文从探讨森林资源良性循环的概念和基本规律出发，提出了生态经济力与生态经济关系相适应是森林资源良性循环的基本规律。进而在分析常规林业的森林经营模式的弊端基础上，并根据森林资源良性循环的基本规律提出了循环林是森林资源良性循环的经营模式，并对循环林的类型、调整方法和经营要点作了探讨。     

挪威的北极战略

进入新世纪后,挪威政府先后于2005年、2006年和2009年发布了三份北极战略文件,主要涉及气候变化、能源开发和同俄罗斯的关系,其主旨是保持挪威在北极的强势存在,增加能源开发、渔业等活动,推进北极相关的知识建设,维持同俄罗斯的睦邻友好关系。     

基于GIMMS AVHRR NDVI数据的三北防护林工程区植被覆盖动态变化

本文基于1982年-2006年连续25a的GIMMS AVHRR NDVI植被覆盖指数,采用了最大化NDVI均值法、提取植被覆盖度法和一元线性回归趋势分析方法,对中国三北防护林工程区的四大建设区（风沙区,西北荒漠区,黄土高原丘陵沟壑区和东北、华北平原区）连续25a的植被覆盖时空变化特征进行了动态变化研究。结果表明：①近25a来,研究区植被NDVI平均值总体呈缓慢上升趋势,增速为0.007/10a,其中风沙区和东北、华北平原区植被增速最明显,而西北荒漠区植被呈微弱下降趋势;②四大建设区植被覆盖度有不同程度提高,其中黄土高原沟壑区植被覆盖度上升最快,比1982年提高了9.66%;③在1982年-1991年、1992年-2001年、2002年-2006年三个时期内,大兴安岭中、南部,小兴安岭中部,长白山东北段,燕山,辽西低山丘陵区,阿尔泰山,天山,祁连山东段,西北荒漠区东部和黄土高原丘陵沟壑区南部等地区的植被覆盖面积分别增加了472994km2、451032km2、435196km2;而在相同的三个时期,大兴安岭两侧,呼伦贝尔高原西部,三江平原北部,科尔沁沙地南端,西北荒漠区南部和黄土高原丘陵沟壑区北部等地区的植被覆盖面积分别减少了197717km2、270192km2、182690km2。     

森林生态系统服务流量过程研究

生态系统服务研究是生态学和生态经济学研究的热点和前沿,但迄今为止对生态系统服务流量过程的研究在世界范围内仍处于薄弱环节。本文以千烟洲中亚热带人工林生态系统为例,以2005年-2007年3年的定位监测数据为基础,研究了4类典型生态系统服务的流量过程。研究表明,千烟洲森林生态系统的年均生物量生产、气体调节、水源涵养和土壤保持服务价值的范围分别为（497.48±33.66） 元/（hm²·a）、（2189.21±247.18） 元/（hm²·a）、（1432.40±454.32）元/（hm²·a）和（224.55±8.82）元/(hm²·a)。4类典型生态系统服务流量均表现出显著的季节变化,生物量生产、气体调节和水源涵养服务表现为连续性实现,而土壤保持服务为离散型实现。年内某些日,森林生态系统产生负的气体调节和水源涵养流量。就各月平均流量而言,水源涵养和土壤保持服务的最大流量发生在6月份,分别为274.74 元/（hm²·month）和47.89元/（hm²·month）,生物量生产的最大流量出现在8月,为65.19元/（hm²·month）,最大的气体调节服务流量出现在7月,为303.67元/（hm²·month）。对于生物量生产、气体调节、水源涵养和土壤保持服务,夏季产生的相应服务价值分别占38.11%、37.15%,25.67%和42.53%。本研究有助于增进对生态系统服务形成机理与强度的认知,同时能为生态系统服务的保育提供依据。     

Differential effects of norm-referenced and self-referenced feedback on performance expectancies,attributions, and motivation

When feedback is provided to students in a norm-referenced manner that compares the individual's performance to that of others, people who perform poorly tend to attribute their failures to lack of ability, expect to perform poorly in the future, and demonstrate decreased motivation on subsequent tasks. The present study examined the hypothesis that the deleterious effects of failure might be attenuated when failure is expressed in self-referenced terms—relative to the individual's known level of ability as assessed by other measures. In this study, subjects received feedback indicating that they did well or poorly on an anagram test, and this feedback was described as either norm-referenced (comparing the individual's performance to that of others) or as self-referenced (comparing performance to other measures of the individual's ability). As predicted, compared to norm-referenced failure, self referenced feedback resulted in higher expectancies regarding future performance and increased attributions to effort. Contrary to expectations, attributions to ability were not affected. The implications of the results for the structure of academic feedback are discussed.     

‘[We're on the right track,baby], we were born this way’! Exploring sports participation in Norway

Based on quantitative data from the Norwegian Statistisk Sentralbyrå (Statistics Norway) study of Mosjon, Friluftsliv og Kulturaktiviteter, this paper explores trends in Norwegians' participation in sports, with a focus on young people. Norway boasts particularly high levels of sports participation as well as sports club membership and young Norwegians are the quintessential sporting omnivores. Among other things, the Statistics Norway study reveals substantial increases in participation (among young people and females especially) during the period 1997–2007, a shift in the peak of participation to the late teenage years, a relatively high level of lifelong participants, a re-bound effect in the post-child rearing years and a growth in lifestyle sports. Young Norwegians grow up in a socio-economic context of relative equality between the sexes and high standards of living. An abundance of natural and artificial outdoor and indoor sporting facilities alongside a well-established voluntary sports club sector and an elementary school system that emphasizes physical exercise and recreation, as well as high levels of parental involvement, add to the favourable socio-economic conditions to create seemingly optimal circumstances for sports participation. All these reinforce the sporting and physical recreation cultures deeply embedded in Norwegian society and embodied by the very many middle-class parents in a country which, for the time being at least, remains relatively young in demographic terms. In terms of lessons to be learned for policy towards sports and physical education beyond Norway, there may be grounds for some optimism around parental involvement in children's sport as well as the potential appeal of lifestyle sports. That said, it is likely to be the greater socio-economic equalities in Scandinavian countries such as Norway that make them unrealistic benchmarks for sports participation elsewhere.