A Bioethos for Bodies: Respecting a Priceless Resource

The value that willed body donors provide to medical education is priceless. Their precious gift helps to teach anatomy, spatial relationships between morphological structures, anatomical variation, and professionalism to medical students in a way that plastic models, podcasts, and lectures cannot. They are also an important resource for medical research and a wide variety of postgraduate training opportunities. While many body donation programs throughout the world are nonprofit organizations, there are body donation companies in the United States that sell donors for-profit. These “body brokers” have accumulated large profits from this business. It is incongruous that others would profit from such a priceless, freely donated gift. To prevent this incongruity, it is proposed that the international anatomical community develop a normative culture (a bioethos) for body donation programs. This would involve the conscious and systematic development of ethical principles for the day-to-day policies and practices of institutions that collect and use human bodies. With the development of this bioethos, a cultural shift in how donors are treated would occur and, over time, this would become the normal practice. These principles would become fundamental and foundational for the procurement and use of priceless human tissues.     

互惠分组教学在女生体育教学中的运用与研究

根据《中国教育改革和发展纲要》和全面实施素质教育的要求,结合女生体育教学的特点,分析运用了互惠分组教学。在教学过程中根据学生的兴趣,成绩,交往意愿及语言组织能力进行分组。各组学习的时间又因教学内容和教学环节的不同而不等。通过实践,充分调动了学生的学习积极性和内在潜力,提高了学习成绩和社会交往能力,起到了体育教学使学生能够终身受益的目的,从而提高了教学效果。     

亲社会行为的动机理论

研究者们在广泛吸收有关亲社会行为研究成果的基础上,结合各自多年的研究,提出了多种较为全面、深刻的亲社会行为动机理论,旨在揭示亲社会行为发生发展的心理机制。文章扼要解释了研究者们所提出的亲社会行为的动机理论,并作简要评论。     

Exploring the reciprocal relations between mothers’ and fathers’ use and attitudes of corporal punishment in China: A cross-lagged analysis

BackgroundCorporal punishment is a commonly used form of disciplinary technique. Sanctified parental attitudes of corporal punishment have been found to be a significant predictor of parental use of corporal punishment in previous research, while little is currently known about the reciprocal relations between parental use and their attitudes of corporal punishment.ObjectiveThis research aimed to examine the reciprocal relations between mothers’ and fathers’ use and attitudes of corporal punishment in China.MethodsData were collected on a total of 320 Chinese father-mother dyads with their children (10–11 years of age at baseline) through convenience sampling techniques at two time points, one year apart. Parents completed self-report measures of mothers' and fathers' use and attitudes of corporal punishment. Children completed self-report measures of parental corporal punishment.ResultsThe cross-lagged analysis indicated that parental attitudes of corporal punishment in a given year predicted their use of corporal punishment in the subsequent year both for mothers (β = 0.15, p < .01) and fathers (β = 0.10, p < .05), while their corporal punishment in a given year did not predict their attitudes of it in the subsequent year (βs < 0.11, ps > .05).ConclusionsFindings indicate that the reciprocal relations do not emerge, with only attitude-behavior effects being evident for both mothers and fathers, while behavior-attitude effects were not present. Findings in the present study highlight the importance of changing both mothers’ and fathers’ favorable attitudes toward corporal punishment when conducting appropriate prevention intervention to decrease its use.     

If you Build it,They Won’t Come: What Motivates Employees to Create and Share Tagged Content: A Theoretical Model and Empirical Validation

The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors influencing employees’ knowledge-sharing behavior on social tagging supported systems. Using the strong theoretical background of the well-known technology acceptance model (TAM), this paper proposes and empirically validates a model that fits the social and technical nature of social tagging tools within the public sector. The analyses in this paper were based on data collected from a large survey of more than 480 respondents working for two public organizations in the United States. The findings demonstrate a significant impact of the role of social presence in encouraging employees to create and share content. Further, there is a strong relationship between the benefits employees receive from using tagging tools and their creation and sharing of tagged content. Specifically, the following factors showed a significant impact on employees’ creation and sharing behavior, specifically their attitudes towards and intentions to create and share tags: perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, social presence, and pro-sharing norms. For researchers, the paper offers an opportunity to further study knowledge-sharing behavior regarding social media technologies. The findings should motivate practitioners to inject these tools with a social aspect so that employees are encouraged to share content.     

论善恶原则

无私利他是最高且偶尔善原则 ,它只应该且只可能指导每个人的偶尔行为 ;其作用是使每个人在自我利益与社会或他人利益发生冲突而不能两全时 ,能够无私利他、自我牺牲而不会损人利己。为己利他是基本且恒久善原则 ,它应该且能够指导每个人的恒久行为 ;其作用是使每个人在自我利益与社会或他人利益一致的情况下 ,能够为己利他而不致损人利己。单纯利已是最低且偶尔善原则 ,它也应该且只能指导每个人的偶尔行为 ;其作用在于使每个人在与社会和他人无直接利害关系的行为领域 ,能够单纯利己而不致纯粹害己     

The dissection room experience: A factor in the choice of organ and whole body donation—A Nigerian survey

The psychosocial impact of human dissection on the lives of medical and health science students has been noted. To assess the impact of the dissection room experience on one's willingness to become a whole body and organ donor, the attitudes of 1,350 students and professionals from the medical, health, and non‐health related disciplines to body and organ donation were studied. The participants were broken into categories according to degree of exposure to human dissection. Participants who were never exposed to the dissection experience showed more willingness to donate their bodies than those who were exposed. With the exception of the physiotherapy department, the students and professionals from the health science departments who were exposed to the dissection room but never engaged in dissection showed the most unwillingness to donate their bodies (P < 0.001). An unwillingness to donate oneself was noted as one of the negative impacts associated with exposure to the dissection room. Willingness to donate an organ correlated positively with the level of exposure to the dissection room (P < 0.001). Most of the reasons for unwillingness were traceable to negative perceptions of the dissection room as a result of poor and disrespectful management of the human cadavers. Anat Sci Educ. 7: 56–63. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.     

莫斯顿互惠分组模式在高校公共体育武术教学中的应用与创新

武术教学是高校公共体育教学的重要组成部分。本文运用文献资料法、实验对比法、数理统计法等研究方法,对武术教学中引入莫斯顿互惠分组模式进行了实验与创新研究。研究结果表明:莫斯顿互惠分组教学模式与传统教学模式相比,更能加强学生间的交流互助,优化课堂教学;益于课堂教学的延伸,培养学生终身体育的意识。     

双重活动教学法在英语课堂教学中的运用

介绍了双重活动教学法在英语课教学中的运用。探讨了双重活动教学在教学过程中的途径和作用 ,尤其是该教学法在教学中所给予英语教师的启迪以及我们在教学中培养学生语言交际能力应采取的措施。     

有效率的利他主义——科拉姆的利他主义效率观评述

利他主义与效率的关系是探讨利他主义经济学价值不可回避的问题。科拉姆在其全新框架下以利他主义符合帕累托效率的必要条件为依据,揭示了情感、偏好、选择与行为之间的密切联系,提出依据行动主体观念上的自觉性,使其能动选择利他的偏好结构,遵照“完美的利他主义”正义通则,人们更偏爱的利他主义社会状态证明了利他主义的效率。