明代平越卫职役来源地初探

洪武十五年(1382年),平越千户所改置平越卫.自置卫至成化时的八十多年时间中,陆续有武职调入.考察《平越卫选簿》可知,该卫武官主要由南直隶、北直隶和河南调入,旗军主要来自南直隶和湖广地区,部分来自陕西、四川、山西、福建等省区.讨论卫所职役来源地问题,应留意卫所武职与旗军来源地不一致现象.     

试析明代卫所武官的类型

虽然明代的卫所武官皆为世袭之职，但是其中仍然存在着诸多类型的类别，其原因各自不同，利用明代“武职选薄”档案，对卫所武官的类型划分加以考察，有利于对明代卫所武官世袭制度进行深入研究。     

An epidemiological study of abused children and their families in the united kingdom between 1977 and 1982

Between 1977 and 1982 there were 6,532 children placed on the child abuse registers maintained by the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) in England. This paper examines the data on these children. The rate of physical injury increased over the last four years of the study from .43 to .63 per thousand children under 15 in the NSPCC register areas, but the percentage of fatal and serious injuries decreased over the entire period. There was also a decline in the rate of re-injury. Infants, boys and low birthweights were overrepresented among the physically abused, neglected and nonorganic failure to thrive cases. Girls and 10-14 year olds were overrepresented among the sexually abused children. The parents or caretakers of the abused children were characterized by their early parenthood, marital instability, large families, criminality and mobility. An initial unemployment rate of 35% among the male caretakers increased to 58% over the last three years of the study.