罗兰·巴特与索绪尔：文化意指分析基本模式的形成

符号学已经成为意识形态批判的基本方法。符号学固有的特征是社会集体性,而意识形态则是一种集体意识和集体表象,是一种意指形式,因此,以符号学模式分析意识形态,可以说是天造地设。索绪尔曾把语言区分为整体语言/个体语言(社会性/个体性),以符号学为准绳,确定整体语言为语言学研究对象,因为它具有社会集体性;叶尔姆斯列夫则以图式/习用替代索绪尔的整体语言/个体语言,认为图式、习用两者均具社会性;罗兰·巴特经由叶尔姆斯列夫这一环节———语言的图式/习用支配着符号的结构、运作和意义,从而颠倒了索绪尔的语言学是符号学一部分的理论,改变为符号学是语言学的一部分,也就是运用语言学模式———横组合关系和纵聚合关系,分析一切符号学事实,分析一切意指现象。其中句子是典型的横组合段。句子蕴含的完成力量以及句子本身的完整性,与意识形态的重复、固着及完成的特性是一致的,句子因此成为文化意指分析、意识形态分析的模型、渠道和对象。纵聚合关系则对含蓄意指的能指或所指作出分类。直接意指直显真实(语言的真实),它转移为含蓄意指的能指或所指,或者说含蓄意指的能指或所指负载、蕴含了直接意指。含蓄意指的所指当中的不变者或常数就是意识形态,它凭借自身负载、蕴含的直接意指实现意识形态的“天然性”、“真理性”的幻象。含蓄意指的能指的常数是修辞学,或者说修辞学呈现为意识形态的意指方面。含蓄意指的能指或修辞的手段或意识形态的意指面貌,是语义转变、偏离、扭曲。这是实现意识形态幻象和揭露意识形态幻象的途径。因此,文化意指分析本质上是意识形态研究和修辞学研究。     

奇观体育与体育奇观:罗兰·巴尔特的符号学体育赛事观

法国思想家和符号学家罗兰.巴尔特对观赏性强、影响力大的体育赛事和体育公共事件情有独钟,曾多次撰文对奇观体育所展示出来的体育奇观进行符号学分析。在其代表作之一《神话集》中以《摔角世界》开篇,初步构建了体育游戏的微观符号学分析体系。之后,他在"作为史诗的环法大赛"一文中,通过对环法自行车赛事无巨细的符号学分析,论述了这项法国现象级赛事的一般符号学意义。在为加拿大电视纪录片《体育与人类》创作的台本《什么是体育》中,通过对五种具有国家身份性质的体育运动内涵的解读,巴尔特集中论述了自己的体育符号思想,展示了其相对完善的体育赛事观。     

“作者的死亡”：一个值得认真思考和探究的论题

20世纪文评理论总的倾向是不把写作主体“作者”作为关注的重点，或是把作者排斥于文评之外。布朗肖、巴尔特、福柯、德里达等文评家和哲学家宣告“作者死亡”的观点趋于一致，但说法及内涵不尽相同，容易引起误解。本文试图对以上四大论家的观点略作评介，指出“作者死亡”观既是反文学传统又是富有开创精神的先锋观点，值得我们认真思考和探究。     

略论我国章回体小说的叙事模式

叙事学开辟了以小说为主的叙事文学研究的新天地,而罗兰.巴特又是结构主义叙事学的代表人物。他提出的叙事作品结构分析模式颇有成效,用它来分析我国传统小说的叙事问题,可以更清晰地看到我国传统小说的叙事特点和叙事模式。     

Teaching, morality, and responsibility: A Structuralist analysis of a teachers’ code of conduct

In this paper we conduct a Structuralist analysis of the General Teaching Council for England’s Code of Conduct and Practice for Registered Teachers in order to reveal how teachers are required to fulfil an apparently impossible social role. The GTCE’s Code, we argue, may be seen as an attempt by a government agency to resolve the political and ideological tensions that emerge in a society that grapples with the paradox of revering individual autonomy whilst simultaneously being dependent upon state-delivered services like a national education system. In such a situation it seems that teachers are a locus in which these tensions collide. However, the GTCE’s attempt to bridge the philosophical gaps provides an opportunity, we conclude, for teachers and teacher-educators to explore the differences between public myths of the teaching profession and the lived reality of life in the classroom.     

罗兰·巴特符号学思想述略

罗兰·巴特的符号学思想涵盖了两个领域：文学符号学和文化符号学,文学符号学是结构主义思维方式及结构主义语言学研究模式的产物,注重文本形式各要素之间的结构及其关系,并从“功能”、“行动”和“叙事”三个描述层来显示文本结构运作规则以及在这种运作规则下意义的生产方式;文化符号学以大众文化为研究对象,探讨形式背后的意义并发现大众文化在表现同一个主题——现代神话。现代神话先于表现它的形式而存在,在三级意指系统中被投入,被生成,也被自然化。巴特的文化符号学思想打破了西方始自古希腊的“形式至上”的思维范式,在比形式主义更看重形式的结构主义阶段是一大超越。     

压题图片《今天，我们都是汶川人》的神话诠释

巴特在索绪尔静态的语言学模式基础上,建立了动态的二级符号系统并作为其神话研究的“利刃”。巴特的神话研究是通过对神话的逐一解析,对其中所隐含的布尔乔亚阶级意识形态的欺骗性进行深刻揭露。文章在巴特的神话研究基础上,根据神话概念的无限能指性,对一副赈灾图片进行分析,从而得出图片神话的有效性结论,并且从新的角度探讨神话的积极作用。     

“作者之死”理论的作者主体性

二十世纪以来随着理性宇宙观的解体,作者中心理论受到了挑战。罗兰·巴特宣告：作者死亡,写作开始。“作者之死”成为一种影响强大的思潮。但“作者之死”理论建立在一个虚假的前提上：一切作者都是上帝式的全知全能型的,并且在论证方式上也存在问题。该理论自身也具有一位作者,且这位作者还充分地“表达”了他自己。思考这些问题,有助于我们更好地把握西方当代文论。     

罗兰·巴特“零度写作”浅议

罗兰·巴特在《写作的零度》中建构了"零度写作"的概念,即零度、透明、中性、非感情性的写作,以此来挽救写作受社会、政治或意识形态的观念控制的危机,从而张扬语言、语言结构的自由。"零度写作"在实际写作中具有难以实现性,"零度"语言只是对语言本体建构的一种理想描述,但巴特提出"零度写作"并非毫无意义,"零度写作"可以达到文学语言和写作主体的自由,同时对于中国当代作家创作也有重要的启示作用。     

‘But when are they going to produce some artwork?’ Against Pastiche: Issue‐Based Art and Authorship within the Key Stage 3 Curriculum

Ideas and issues based contemporary art is often seen as something to be avoided in schools, as the controversial subjects that it broaches are often perceived as problematic and inappropriate. However, by censoring education, it can be seen that educators are missing vital opportunities to confront the relevant personal, social, political and cultural issues that shape young peoples' lives in our postmodern, contemporary society. This article reflects on the experiences of an artist/teacher gained through the Recreating Landscapes (Illuminate Project), which aimed to utilise LeWitt's concept of the ideas ‘machine’ to broaden the way that Key Stage 3 art is taught and explore student voice. The construct of the teacher as giver of knowledge was challenged, informed by Barthes' work on the deconstruction of the modernist concept of Authorship. Issues were derived from a pupil voice workshop and the ownership of response to this stimulus belonged to the students. The aim was to challenge mimetic, technical achievement often favoured in ‘traditional’ school art pedagogy, allowing ideas and discussion to be the lynchpin, shifting away from the emphasis commonly placed on outcomes. Through this practice it was hoped that the ‘landscape’ of the learning environment would be recreated: a discursive setting where issues perceived as ‘challenging’ could be broached in a supportive environment, enabled by a reconsidered, culturally relevant pedagogy.