New insights into brazilwood lake pigments manufacture through the use of historically accurate reconstructions

A multi-analytical approach for the study of brazilwood and its lake pigments was carried out based on historically accurate reconstructions. Recipes for brazilwood lakes from the fifteenth century technical text Livro de como se fazem as cores and the Winsor & Newton nineteenth century colourman's archive were reproduced and compared. Both primary sources allowed for the successful preparation of brazilwood lake pigments with colours that vary from light pink to dark red. The main steps and ingredients for the manufacture of these pigments were common in both sources, particularly the addition of Al³⁺ in the form of alum, and calcium carbonate (chalk). Reconstructions revealed that the latter acts as a pH buffer and filler, controlling the pH at which the lake pigment precipitates. The main difference between the two sources is that the nineteenth century recipes give the quantities for all ingredients, the precise temperatures and time, and achieved higher relative pigment yields (75% versus 45%). Full chemical characterisation of the reconstructions provided detailed information on the individual steps in the pigment manufacture and revealed that the presence of calcium sulphate dihydrate (gypsum) in the final pigment was a result of its formation in situ. Infrared, reflectance, and fluorescence spectroscopy proved to be essential and complementary techniques: while infrared was used to characterise additives and binders, reflectance and fluorescence data were fundamental for identifying the chromophore. The pigments and paints produced can now be used as standards for the identification and investigation of brazilwood lake pigments found in artworks.     

关于谱分解估计和方差分析估计在线性混合模型中的比较

在文献[1]中提出的谱分解估计是一种在线性混合模型中同时估计固定效应和方差分量的新方法.在本文中,我们对带有两个方差分量的线性混合模型进行了谱分解估计和方差分析估计的比较.得出了方差分量的这两种估计在某些条件下方差相等,而且谱分解估计具有一些方差分析估计的最优性.     

基于谱减的双元指向传声器阵列语音增强

设计了一种结构简单的用于语音增强的双元指向性传声器阵列,利用阵列中不同方位阵元对目标信号和干扰信号的增益不同的特点,有效估计噪声信号的功率谱,再利用传统谱减算法的思想,实现语音增强。实验结果表明提出的算法是有效的,与经典的谱减算法相比具有更佳的语音增强效果。     

Modeling of Light-Induced Changes in Reflectance Spectra: A Predictive Tool for the Effect of an Arbitrary Spectral Irradiance

Optical radiation is capable of altering the spectral reflectance of layers of colorants. Light damage is of particular importance in respect to unique historical objects in exhibitions. The major parameter governing this process is the spectral irradiance applied to the surface. As this may vary significantly for different light sources, an experimental investigation of the damage potential of the numerous illuminants available is a cumbersome task. In this work a numerical algorithm for the prediction of modifications of the spectral reflectance of colorants subject to a given arbitrary spectral irradiance over a given time is presented. It uses the temporal evolution of the spectral reflectance of the dye or pigment at issue when irradiated by a set of narrowband light sources as input data. The predicted reflectance spectra and the resulting color changes are compared to those measured for samples irradiated with common polychromatic light sources. The concept described in this work aims at the implementation of a standardized procedure and database for the prediction of radiative damage for a comprehensive range of pigments and dyes.     

印刷用密度计的发展情况与前景

密度计是印刷质量检测的一个重要工具,是推动印刷产业向数字化发展的一个有力工具。在国外对于此类密度计的研究已有约90年的历史,并且依然在不断完善当中;我国对此研究仅仅只有40年的历史,虽然起步比较晚,但是也取得了一定的成果。随着科技的进步,此类密度计在功能和结构上都有了不小的变化。文章就此类密度计的发展史以及滤色片密度计、分光密度计的工作原理、结构、分类等做了较为详细的介绍。最后,对此类密度计的发展前景进行了展望。     

生物专业波谱分析课程教学改革的探索与实践

波谱分析是一门关于利用现代仪器方法对化合物进行分析的课程.本文根据生物专业教学内容的特点,并结合波谱分析技术在生物科研领域的应用,对该专业所开设的波谱分析课程教学内容和教学模式进行探索和实践.     

A note on the construction of test panels for the spectral imaging of paintings

The construction and examination of test panels is an ad hoc procedure, necessary for every spectral imaging study of paintings. Despite the common features, almost every scientific team follows a different way of construction. Furthermore, many of these approaches are not adequately documented in the relevant papers. Failure to use common language and practice leads to confusion about properties of materials and paint layers that have been overall examined by the scientists, as well as the validity of the results and their exploitation in several conservation applications. The present theoretical approach points out the need for common protocols for the construction of test panels and draws general principles as a flow chart on which they should be based.     

伪谱法对一类二维Navier-Stokes方程解的研究

首先简要介绍了谱方法的来源、分类及基本概念,并给出了谱方法及伪谱法的基本思想,其次介绍了离散的Fourier配置法,最后着重介绍通过引入流函数ψ后推导出关于2维Navier-Stokes方程的一类解。以及使用伪谱法中的Fourier配置法来逼近此类解。     

一种新颖的镜面透反射比自动测试仪

介绍了一种能自动测试自然光、S偏振光或P偏振光下镜面透射比、反射比随入射角变化的新颖测试仪,对仪器设计、测试原理及误差处理均做了详细的介绍,最终得到较为理想的实验结果。     

网格方程组预处理方法研究

对网格方程组作区域分裂并行计算,应用谱等价胜质讨论了变换在预条件迭代中的作用．将近似LU分解与局部正交化方法相结合构造预处理矩阵,并通过算例证明了这种方法的有效性．