五口通商时期外商在华经营策略述论

五口通商，是外商在华拓展经济活动的有利时机。从商品采购，商品销售，市场竞争及市场导向等方面看，外商对经营策略是相当重视的。不过，这一时期外商经营策略仍存在着不少问题。外商是否因时因地调整经营策略，关系到外商在华发展与兴衰。     

教育信息化:信息时代地方高校的必由之路

高等教育的大众化、国际化和市场化趋势日益明显，地方高校面临新挑战。本文将地方高校置于教育生态环境中分析。认为教育信息化体现了国家的意志，地方高校开展教育信息化是教育链上游的驱动和下游的拉动，也是地方高校自身发展的逻辑需求，是信息时代地方高校的必由之路。     

Production Risk in a Subsistence Agriculture

Abstract

Purpose: In this article we illustrate the importance of understanding the risk profiles of new technologies, in addition to the changes in productivity, to be able to determine strategies for agricultural development.

Design/methodology/approach: The analysis is based on data obtained from a 2002 survey of subsistence farmers in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania, and a Just and Pope (1978) framework is used for modeling risk.

Findings: We find that even if extension services do not increase the mean production, it may reduce production risk.

Practical implication and originality/value: During the past decades, agricultural extension and subsidized conventional inputs such as high-yielding seed varieties, fertilizer and pesticides, have become important components of agricultural aid programs in developing countries. However, outcomes of this type of aid are somewhat ambiguous, and many donor countries have reduced their support in response. For the most part, evaluation of these programs employs total factor productivity analysis to estimate the changes in productivity resulting from investment in aid programs. However, risk-averse, small-scale farmers will consider both the variance in output and the expected mean. They may therefore choose input levels that differ from the optimal input levels of risk-neutral producers, who consider only the expected mean. Programs can therefore have a positive effect because they reduce risk, even if the direct impact on production is limited.     

Understanding and enabling marketplace literacy in subsistence contexts: The development of a consumer and entrepreneurial literacy educational program in South India

To function in the economic realm, two important resources that individuals need are finances and know-how. Whereas there has been considerable attention on microfinancing, we describe an educational program that focuses on enabling generic skills about the marketplace and complements these important efforts. We conducted research aimed at understanding lives and marketplaces in subsistence contexts in urban and rural parts of a state in South India. We used the research as a basis for developing a consumer and entrepreneurial literacy educational program. This program uses the “know-why”, or an understanding of marketplaces, as a basis for the know-how of being an informed buyer or seller. Despite the difficulties with abstract thinking that low-literate individuals experience, we enable deeper understanding of marketplaces by leveraging the social skills that participants bring to the program and relating educational content back to their lived experiences. Such understanding can enable individuals to place themselves on a path to lifelong learning. Implications of this work for research and practice in non-formal education are discussed.     

试论文化启蒙——变图书馆生存危机为发展机遇

论文从图书馆生存危机产生的背景和图书馆生存的根本要务说起,剖析文化启蒙在图书馆发展历程中的重要作用,并提出了利用文化启蒙的影响加强图书馆建设的一些思考。     

学校——我们赖以生存的共同体

文章针对教育中作为主体的人及人们之间的相互关系，提示了学校是所有教师和学生赖以生存的共同体；阐述了“个体”只有在共同体的存在中才能得以存在、延续和发展。