国际上同行评议典型做法及对我国的启示

同行评议一直是最权威、最有效的科学评价方式,美国、日本、欧盟等发达国家和国际组织都建立较为完整的同行评议制度,制定同行评议政策法规,建立标准化的评议流程,针对不同类型的项目采取不同评议方法。面对科技创新高质量发展的新要求、新任务,本文从加强相关法规体系建设、建立规范化的同行评议准则、构建完善的同行评议专家库、探索因项制宜的同行评议方式、大力营造良好的同行评议生态环境等方面对规范和完善我国同行评议制度提出对策建议。     

The Use of Augmented Reality Technology in Medical Specimen Museum Tours

Human anatomical specimen museums are commonly used by medical, nursing, and paramedical students. Through dissection and prosection, the specimens housed in these museums allow students to appreciate the complex relationships of organs and structures in more detail than textbooks could provide. However, it may be difficult for students, particularly novices, to identify the various parts of these anatomical structures without additional explanations from a docent or supplemental illustrations. Recently, augmented reality (AR) has been used in many museum exhibits to display virtual objects in videos captured from the real world. This technology can significantly enhance the learning experience. In this study, three AR-based support systems for tours in medical specimen museums were developed, and their usability and effectiveness for learning were examined. The first system was constructed using an AR marker. This system could display virtual label information for specimens by capturing AR markers using a tablet camera. Individual AR markers were required for all specimens, but their presence in and on the prosected specimens could also be obtrusive. The second system was developed to set the specimen image itself as an image marker, as most specimens were displayed in cross section. Visitors could then obtain the label information presented by AR without any markers intruding on the display or anatomical specimens. The third system was comprised of a head-mounted display combined with a natural click interface. The system could provide visitors with an environment for the natural manipulation of virtual objects with future scalability.     

不同利用强度下草地植物物种多样性变化——以正镶白旗典型温性草原区为例

采用植被群落调查方法,对位于蒙古高原东南缘的内蒙古自治区正镶白旗典型草原区开展了野外综合考察。基于调查数据,结合土地利用与土地覆被(LUCC)数据,计算分析了不同利用强度下的草地植物物种数、群落α多样性以及群落β多样性分布特征。结果表明:①草地植物的物种数量是随着利用强度增强而逐渐降低的;但禾本科和杂草类植物数量呈现出先减少后增加再减少的变化趋势、菊科植物则呈现出持续下降的变化规律;豆科植物则呈现出现增加后减少的变化规律。在生态工程区域,无论是物种总数不同科目物种数量均是最少的;②物种重要值的分布特征是:羊草、克氏针茅等建群种在背景样地中最高、随着利用强度的增加,其重要性逐渐降低,而伴生种、杂类草的重要值逐渐升高。在生态工程区,羊草的优质牧草物种重要值是最高的;③总体上,研究区草地植物群落α多样性在轻度与中度利用样方中较高,背景样方次之,重度利用样方中最低。而生态工程区,其各个指数均则介于轻度、中度利用与背景样地之间;④群落相似度指数在轻度与中度利用草地样地最高、说明两者之间没有明确的界线;而生态工程区与背景样地相似度指数较高,说明生态保护和建设工程取得阶段性成果。     

太行山区典型植被下降水入渗的稳定同位素特征分析

本研究以位于太行山区北部的河北易县崇陵流域为对象,对流域内三种典型植被（荒草、刺槐林、侧柏林）下不同深度土层的土壤水及流域内降水进行同步观测及取样,室内进行稳定同位素氘和氧-18含量测定,以^18O为例对降水入渗过程中的稳定同住素变化进行了研究。通过对2004年的数据进行分析,获得崇陵流域当地大气降水线（δD=6．244δ^18 O—7．158,R^2=0．7727,n=55）,其降水中稳定同位素时间变化波动较大且缺少规律性,降水中稳定同位素含量同降水量呈二次相关关系,大于15mm的降水雨量效应较显著。土壤水中的稳定同位素较降水普遍富集,其中荒草地土壤水中稳定同位素值较刺槐林地和侧柏林地整体偏高,表现出较强的蒸发分馏作用。土壤水中的δ^18O的时间变化波动较大,表层10cm土壤水δ^18O受降水中的δ^18O直接影响,呈现一定的响应关系。深层次土壤水中δ^18O变化则有一定滞后性。不同植被覆盖下δ^18O的时间变化的活跃层深度不同,同其土壤特征和植被覆盖类型有关。δ^18O的剖面垂向空间变化上有两种类型,随深度增加基本都呈富集的趋势。土壤水中稳定同位素的时间变化和垂向空间分布,反映了一种降水入渗和蒸散发的平衡关系,其垂向空间变化很好地记录了降水从地表向下入渗的过程。     

排球跳传技术的研究

跳传是排球运动中一项重要技术,在排球比赛中运用跳传技术组织进攻有许多优点,熟练地掌握跳传技术对比赛获胜具有重要作用,文中对跳传的移动取位、起跳和空中动作的要求、传球的时机、击球点和传球手型、击球部位和用力方向、落地的技术等方面均从理论与实践结合上作了科学的剖析。     

竞技体操现场技术姿态特征识别系统

人体动作姿态的识别是当前研究的热点,而对于运动员技术姿态的计算是非常困难的但其应用十分广泛。针对竞技体操现场中运动员的技术姿态识别展开研究,通过监控设备对竞技体操现场进行图像采集,对图像进行关节点标定,利用加权量化矩阵表示技术姿态特征用以解决不同关节点的权重区分度问题,经过权重修正后的关节点相对坐标作为技术姿态特征用以解决标定关节点时产生的误差所造成的识别精度下降的问题,基于多种姿态特征建立技术姿态描述算子并构建特征数据库,用于训练基于支持向量机的多类分类器,以实现竞技体操现场中对体操运动员技术姿态特征的识别。实验表明,提出的方法实现了11种体操运动员运动姿态的特征识别,在识别效率和精度上具有令人满意的结果。     

浅析《典型的美国人》中张家人的文化适应

该文以华裔美国作家任碧莲的小说《典型的美国人》为研究对象,运用文化适应的U型曲线模式分析小说中张家人来美后的发展变化过程：从对美国生活的新奇到在文化冲击下对中国文化的固守,到后来完全被美国化,最后到对美国文化完全适应状态完成自我文化身份的重建。     

自由式摔跤运动项目的技术特征研究

采用文献资料法、专家访谈法和逻辑分析法,对自由式摔跤运动项目的技术特征进行了系统分析,研究认为:自由式摔跤比赛中运动员无论双手做何动作,两脚怎样移动,都要尽量保持低站架,不能随便起伏;跪撑运动员在比赛中首先需要尽量降低身体重心及扩大身体重心的支撑面,其次是需要不停地调整身体重心、支撑面和支撑点。指出当前国内外自由式摔跤技术的发展有四个趋势:一是站立技术成为比赛中的主流技术和主要得分手段;二是摔跤技术向安全实效方向发展;三是技术要求更加全面,绝招更加突出;四是更加重视连贯技术。     

The mastersingers: language and practice in an operatic masterclass

The paper presents a microethnographic examination of an operatic masterclass, based on a transcribed video recording of just one such class. It is a companion piece to a more generalised ethnographic account of such masterclasses as pedagogic events. The detailed analysis demonstrates the close relationship between spoken and unspoken actions in the pedagogy – especially the work of gesture. The masterclass thus displays the work of rendering explicit embodied technical and interpretative competence. Masterclass teachers find ways to express such advice through maxims, metaphors and physical activities.     

Annual Index Volume 8

The objective of this paper is to report the development and use of an observation checklist to identify typically developing children with behavioural manifestations associated with inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. This measure is termed the Scope Classroom Observation Checklist (SCOC). The SCOC was developed, assessed for reliability using an independent observer and teacher ratings, and administered to a sample of 157 mainstream schoolchildren. The SCOC revealed a normal distribution of scores on the checklist, and the top and bottom quartiles of this distribution were found, as would be expected, to differ significantly on SCOC score. The SCOC had good inter‐observer reliability and a high rate of concordance with teacher ratings of attentional difficulties. The SCOC has emerged as a reliable measure that could prove to be a useful tool in a battery of screening measures to identify mainstream schoolchildren with difficulties characterised by inattention and hyperactivity‐impulsivity.