Individual differences in children's ability to profit from picture adjunct aids

A paired-associate memory task with pictures and words as items was used to categorize fourth graders into four learner types: HH, high picture-high word; HL, high picture-low word; LH, low picture-high word; LL, low picture-low word. Some children in each classification read prose passages with picture adjunct aids; other children read the passages without adjunct aids. Although free recall for the prose passage yielded inconclusive data, a constructed response test for facts in the prose passages revealed significant Aptitude × Treatment interactions, such that poor paired-associate learners (i.e., LLs) profited more than did good paired-associate learners (i.e., HHs) from picture aids on the prose task. The children's standardized reading scores were positively related to memory performance, but good and poor readers did not differ in their ability to profit from picture aids. It was suggested that less-strategic learners, such as those who perform poorly on paired-associate tasks, are more likely to be helped by externally provided mediational aids, while more-strategic learners are more likely to be helped by instructions to generate their own mediational aids.     

Students' reactions after cheating: An attributional analysis

The hypothesis that students who cheat will externalize the cause of this behavior was tested by contrasting the causal inferences of cheating students and noncheating students. The results supported Kelley's attributional model, for cheaters tended to note the high distinctiveness, high consensus, and low consistency of their actions, while noncheaters noted the low distinctiveness, low consensus, and high consistency of their morally commendable actions. Comparison of the students' attributions with inferences formulated by uninvolved observers also indicated that students tended to formulate self-serving attributions, suggesting that external attributions—in providing students with an excuse for cheating—may work to limit self-concept changes after misconduct.     

The effect of sensory modalities on learning

As the importance of modalities to learning becomes increasingly apparent, the dearth of modality tests and assessment techniques becomes a critical problem. A classroom model for assessing modality strengths is suggested in which students learn to spell nonsense words via six different modalities: visual, auditory, audiovisual, vocal, motor, and tactile. The technique was used and proven effective in a study involving 396 eighth-grade students. Results of the study indicated that the presentation modality did significantly affect the amount of information learned (F = 12.36, p < .01), and that the auditory and visual modalities were most effective for this particular learning task. It is felt that this assessment technique can facilitate application of modality theory in classroom teaching.     

VA族元素五配位化合物的立体化学构型

文章讨论了VA族元素五配位化合物的立体化学构型,大多数五配位化合物具有三角双锥形(TBP)结构和四方锥形(SP)结构,并且倾向于形成六配位化合物,也讨论了键长、键角和结构之间的关系以及三角双锥结构与四方锥结构之间的转换。     

音乐治疗中的VA技术探析

近年来,音乐治疗的有效性已经得到了广泛的研究验证,而VA技术作为一种新兴音乐治疗技术也越来越受到人们的关注。对VA技术（体感音乐疗法）的概念、原理、作用、适用范围和VA产品进行研究,增加对VA技术的了解和应用能够帮助人们解决更多的问题。     

Struggles for Educational Equity in Prince Edward County,VA: Resistance,Southern Manifesto Ideologies,and School Choice

ABSTRACT

In light of contemporary school choice proposals and the 60th anniversary of the Southern Manifesto, the Prince Edward County, Virginia public schools crisis provides interesting historical discussion. Prince Edward County (PEC), a rural community in central Virginia, was one of five school districts represented in the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision that ruled segregated public schools unconstitutional. In response to this decision, PEC closed public schools from 1959–1964 rather than desegregate them. Three other Virginia locales closed public schools to resist the desegregation mandate of Brown—Warren County, Charlottesville, and Norfolk—but none for as long as PEC. Like the 19 Senators and 82 Representatives from each of the former Confederate states who signed the Declaration of Constitutional Principles or “Southern Manifesto” and understood the Brown ruling as a violation of state’s rights, Virginia lawmakers also vowed “…to use all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision [Brown] which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation.”     

促根剂对VA菌根接种剂质量的影响

进行了复合细胞分裂素、ABT生根粉、发根土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)发酵滤液等促根剂促进地豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)根量增加,从而提高VA菌根接种剂质量的研究.结果表明:促根试验和盆栽试验中,三种促根剂在一定的浓度下均有一定的促根作用,其中以复合细胞分裂素5000倍液、生根粉ABT1 20ppm两处理效果较好,其基质中孢子产量和其它促根剂处理及对照比较,差异均达到显著水平.     

A review of reliability procedures for measuring observer agreement

The present article reviews the procedures that have been developed for measuring the reliability of human observers' judgments when making direct observations of behavior. Measures such as the percentage of agreement, Cohen's kappa, and phi have been used to measure observer agreement; however, these coefficients have serious limitations. In addition to specifying the deficiencies that exist with these excessively used reliability measures, the present article discusses recently developed univariate and multivariate agreement measures that are based on quasi-equiprobability and quasi-independence models and estimates. Improvements in precision are provided by such models and estimates since they (1) yield a probability based coefficient of agreement with a directly interpretable meaning, (2) correct for the proportion of “chance” agreement, and (3) allow the partitioning of the agreement and disagreement estimates within the models.     

Public Library Services to Underrepresented Groups: Poor & Unemployed,Emphasizing Danville,Virginia

This study attempts to fill a void in library public services research on initiatives to serve the poor and unemployed in the current climate of budgetary constraints. This study seeks to determine perceptions of librarians and library managers regarding the needs of, and need for services to, poor and unemployed library patrons. Following a review of the literature, the article compares funding for services to the poor and unemployed in Michigan and Virginia. The state of Virginia lags behind other states in offering special programs for the poor and unemployed. This study concludes by describing programs developed by the Danville Public Library in an attempt to offer creative and imaginative services for the poor and the unemployed in the Danville Community.     

Teacher characteristics and teacher performance

This study investigated effects of seven demographic and psychological characteristics of teachers on their performances during student teaching. Student teachers' performances were examined in relation to their ages, prior student teaching experiences, scholastic aptitudes, attitudes toward teaching, moral reasoning abilities, conceptual levels, and degrees of ego development. Results indicate that student teachers' performances were dependent in a nontrivial way on their ego development and to a much lesser degree on other characteristics.