Correlates of verbally aggressive communication in adolescents

This investigation identifies demographic, media, and social correlates of verbally aggressive communication in adolescence. Mail surveys were completed and returned by 2,300 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 15. These adolescents were asked about the prevalence of verbal and physical aggression, the context in which it occurred, demographics, and the interpersonal and media influences in their lives. The results indicate that verbal aggression is widespread, that committing and experiencing verbal aggression is largely reciprocal, that there is a strong relationship between committing verbal and physical aggression, and that peer social influence and listening to violently oriented music are mildly related to verbal aggression in adolescents. These findings suggest more resources should be allocated to teaching adolescents to understand and control verbal aggression. Further, they provide important answers to many prevention and intervention programmatic questions, including context, content, and targeting concerns. Since the negative consequences of verbal aggression are severe and long lasting, decreasing this destructive communication behavior should significantly improve the lives of many adolescents. These and other practical implications are expanded upon and discussed.     

如何把握苏比的形象及其意义--兼谈《警察和赞美诗》的幽默艺术

绝对正面或绝对负面地理解“灵魂高傲” ,都容易误解苏比的人物形象。本文依据文本 ,具体地分析小说主人公的完整内涵 :“内心革命”前的“旧我”与“内心革命”后的“新我” ,描绘出这个城市流浪汉陷入泥淖而又想走出泥淖的人生命运的轨迹 ;并从“幽默语体”等三方面欣赏作品的幽默艺术 ,揭示其内蕴的思想主旨     

Extending Humor Enactment Research

Humor orientation (HO) is an individual difference variable that influences production and delivery of humorous communication. Prior research indicates that people who score higher on HO enact humor more frequently and effectively, which in turn leads to more benefits and advantages in a variety of social and psychological outcomes. Research reported here extends this line of analysis with HO for its relationship to a broad gauge measure of benefit, satisfaction with life, extending HO into understudied domains. This study compared Bulgarian adults (n = 100) to several American samples. Primary findings were that Bulgarians were similar to American samples overall but scored consistently higher than Americans on satisfaction with life (SWL). HO and SWL are correlated (r = .27), a medium effect size.     

会话含义与合作原则在汉语幽默中的应用

幽默效果的产生,不仅在于语言的组织运用,更重要的是依靠相应语境、会话含义与合作原则的应用。本文从会话含义与合作原则方面分析幽默如何产生。在实践中,人们理解和赞赏幽默经过,就是推理会话涵义的过程。     

Exploring Verbal,Visual and Schematic Learners' Static and Dynamic Mental Images of Scientific Species and Processes in Relation to Their Spatial Ability

The current study compared different learners’ static and dynamic mental images of unseen scientific species and processes in relation to their spatial ability. Learners were classified into verbal, visual and schematic. Dynamic images were classified into: appearing/disappearing, linear-movement, and rotation. Two types of scientific entities and their related processes were investigated: astronomical and microscopic. The sample included 79 female students from Grades 9 and 10. For the purpose of the study, three instruments were used. The Mental Images by Guided Imagery instrument was designed to investigate participants' visualization of static and dynamic mental images. The Water-Level Task was adopted to estimate participants' spatial ability. The Learning Styles Inventory was used to classify participants into verbal, visual and schematic learners. The research findings suggest that schematic learners outperformed verbal and visual learners in their spatial ability. They also outperformed them in their vividness of microscopic images; both micro-static and micro-dynamic images; especially in the case of appearing/disappearing images. The differences were not significant in the case of astronomical images. The results also indicate that appearing/disappearing images received the least vividness scores for all three types of learners.     

简论苏轼的人生美学

作为一个政治失意、然而睿智圆通的知识分子 ,苏轼的一生是超越自我、超越困苦、对自由孜孜以求的一生。在“大我”与“小我”方面 ,他坚持“大我之利” ,表现了其人道主义和民本思想 ;在“从众”与“从己”方面 ,他独立特行 ,力排众议 ,不随波逐流 ;在“悲观”与“乐观”方面 ,他对个人得失不以为怀 ,表现出高超的幽默艺术     

英语会话幽默产生的语用分析

由于中英两种语言的差异和中西方思维方式的不同 ,许多人认为英语幽默不但不幽默 ,而且晦涩难懂。笔者从语用学的角度对某些英语会话幽默的产生进行分析 ,希望对增强英语幽默的欣赏能力、真正理解英语幽默的实质及趣味性等方面有所帮助     

Disentangling the relationship between working memory and language: The roles of short-term storage and cognitive control

This study investigates the relationship between working memory and language in young children growing up in a multilingual environment. The aim is to explore whether mechanisms of short-term storage and cognitive control hold similar relations to emerging language skills and to investigate if potential links are mediated by related cognitive abilities. A sample of 119 Luxembourgish 6-year-olds completed several assessments of working memory (complex and simple span), native and foreign vocabulary, syntax, reading, rhyme awareness, and fluid intelligence. Results showed that short-term storage and cognitive control manifested differential links with developing language abilities: Whereas verbal short-term storage was specifically linked to vocabulary; cognitive control manifested unique and robust links with syntax and early reading development. The study suggests that in young children the working memory system is composed of separate but interacting components corresponding to short-term storage and cognitive control that can be distinguished by the roles they play in supporting language acquisition.     

印第安传统文化初探(之二)--印第安恶作剧者多层面形象的再解读

在印第安口头文学中,恶作剧者既担当着创世者和部族文化英雄的角色,又是边缘化的孑然独行者和社会道德规范的逾越者,以好色、饕餮、傲慢、反叛、贪婪、残忍、卤莽、懒惰等恶习和蠢行而著称,且每每因自己的恶作剧行为而遭受惩罚。印第安恶作剧者的这种多层面形象蕴涵着把和谐、平衡、统一视为最理想境界的印第安宇宙观,体现着作为印第安生活主干的印第安幽默;借助于对恶作剧者形象的戏谑和嘲讽,恶作剧者故事在听众的笑声中实现了印第安口头文学的教化功能,不仅保证了部族文化传统的世代延续,而且促成部族成员对印第安道德规范的接受与认同。     

How students perceive teachers’ nonverbal and verbal communication at agricultural universities in Austria,Slovenia and Albania

Purpose: This study attempts to close the research gap created by the fact that existing studies neglect the problem of how effectively agricultural professors from different European countries communicate. The aim is to identify similarities and differences in the numbers of agricultural professors perceived by students as engaging in verbal and nonverbal immediacy communication.

Methodology: An online survey was conducted among students of agricultural universities from Austria, Slovenia and Albania.

Findings: The results show that professors of agriculture from Austria, Slovenia and Albania should generally not be satisfied with their own communication patterns and should thus try to improve their communication. The result also reveals cultural differences in the shares of agriculture professors employing different communication patterns in Austria, Slovenia and Albania. Compared to Austrian and Slovenian students, their Albanian peers perceive that most of their professors use nonverbal immediacy communication. According to Austrian students, the majority of their professors use verbal immediacy. On the contrary, Albanian students assessed that some of their professors employ verbal immediacy.

Practical Implications: The results show the professors of agriculture should improve the way they communicate to students. In particular, the Albanian professors should improve their verbal communication especially in terms of providing timely and quality feedback to students.

Theoretical implications: The study reveals differences in immediacy communication among countries (Austria, Slovenia and Albania) which the scientific literature considers to have a high-context culture.

Originality/Value: Given that no study has yet examined how students perceive professors’ communication in different European countries, this research helps understand the characteristics of agricultural professors’ communication.