Technical analysis of a Central Asian wall painting detached from a Buddhist cave temple on the northern Silk Road

A great number of Central Asian wall paintings, archeological materials, architectural fragments, and textiles, as well as painting fragments on silk and paper, make up the so called Turfan Collection at the Asian Art Museum in Berlin. The largest part of the collection comes from the Kucha region, a very important cultural center in the third to ninth centuries. Between 1902 and 1914, four German expeditions traveled along the northern Silk Road. During these expeditions, wall paintings were detached from their original settings in Buddhist cave complexes. This paper reports a technical study of a wall painting, existing in eight fragments, from the Buddhist cave no. 40 (Ritterhöhle). Its original painted surface is soot blackened and largely illegible. Grünwedel, leader of the first and third expeditions, described the almost complete destruction of the rediscovered temple complex and evidence of fire damage. The aim of this case study is to identify the materials used for the wall paintings. Furthermore, soot deposits as well as materials from conservation interventions were of interest. Non-invasive analyses were preferred but a limited number of samples were taken to provide more precise information on the painting technique. By employing optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Raman spectroscopy, a layer sequence of earthen render, a ground layer made of gypsum, and a paint layer containing a variety of inorganic pigments were identified.     

Pepper Spray Cop and the American Dream: Using Synecdoche and Metaphor to Unlock Internet Memes’ Visual Political Rhetoric

Social media are increasingly important in protest movements for communication and organization. As such, scholars should consider these ephemeral messages as a tool for understanding such movements’ rhetoric. This article draws on Kjeldsen’s method for the critique of visual political rhetoric and adds consideration of intertextuality, synecdoche, and metaphor to demonstrate a method for the rhetorical analysis and a critique of Internet memes as visual, political rhetoric. The Pepper Spray Cop meme arising from Occupy Wall Street is presented as a case-study example. The article considers the centrality of the intertextual nature of memes as a unique form of visual rhetoric in activist contexts and contributes to the literature on user-generated and activist rhetoric.     

套井回填粘土防渗墙截渗效果分析

文章简要叙述了套井回填粘土防渗墙的基本内容,结合工程实例,通过渗流计算,重点分析了采用套井回填粘土防渗墙前、后的大坝渗流情况,证实了套井回填粘土防渗墙具有良好的截渗效果。     

黄杞属植物的研究概况

对黄杞属植物的生药学、化学、药理学及毒理学的研究概况进行综述。黄杞属植物主要含有黄酮类、多酚类和皂苷类成分。其药理作用主要表现为降血糖、降血脂、抗凝血、抗血小板凝聚、抗血栓形成、抗炎、抗癌、增强免疫力、抑制心脑血管疾病等作用。初步研究认为其有效部位为黄酮类成分。     

海杜克建筑人文主义精神

作为“纽约 5”的一员 ,海杜克始终在研究建筑的语言逻辑 ,并力求在其作品中体现人文主义关怀。对于海杜克而言 ,现代建筑的问题不在于逻辑的贫乏 ,而在于过多的逻辑 ,以致于缺少了对人的尊敬。海杜克的研究则注重在建筑中体现人文主义的精神。     

涞源县明长城的军事防御

保定自古以来便是兵家必争之地,涞源县的飞狐古道和蒲阴陉自古更是重要的军事战略要道.涞源县地区的军事防御是在明朝北部边疆防线不断南移、内缩的整体形势下,随着历史的发展呈现出前后不同的发展特点——由嘉靖年间的"守在关隘与堡城"到隆庆、万历年间的"守在边墙与互市".涞源县明长城在明代后期发挥着防卫京师的重要作用,并历经嘉隆万三朝经营,逐步形成一整套完整、系统的军事防御体系.     

沿空留巷巷旁充填墙体合理尺寸优化研究

沿空留巷实现了无煤柱开采,是煤矿生产中的重大技术改革。整体浇注巷旁充填技术是我国近年来研究和应用的先进巷旁支护技术。为了保持正常生产,就必须保证巷旁充填墙体稳定性。应用现场观测法,根据沿空留巷围岩应力随工作面推进的变化规律,研究了下区段煤体应力变化规律以及充填墙体稳定性。运用FLAC-3D数值模拟软件,模拟了4种不同宽度时的充填墙体稳定性,研究表明,墙体宽度大于或等于2m时,巷道围岩塑性区范围明显减小,支护效果较好。     

浅谈建筑工程防渗漏施工要点

随着建筑物形象新颖化、多样化以及建筑墙体材料的广泛推广应用,建筑外墙渗漏已成为一大顽疾,且渗漏一旦出现,一般无法正确判断渗漏点部位,极难处理,本文就建筑工程中有关地基与基础、主体结构中易发生渗漏的关键部位——地下室底板、外墙、地下室顶板等防治问题进行浅析。     

后移动长城时期中国男篮中锋进攻能力研究

以第27届男篮亚锦赛中国男篮中锋和5个对手的中锋为研究对象,采用文献资料法、录像观察法、数理统计法,对后移动长城时期中国男篮中锋进攻能力进行研究。研究发现：本届中国男篮中锋身高、体重在亚洲篮坛依然拥有优势,老中青结合,年龄结构基本合理;投篮得分能力与对手相比拥有较大优势,不过2分球、罚球命中率和对手有一定差距。队内中生代、新生代中锋球员远投能力远弱于老队员,要提高远投得分能力;助攻和前场篮板球能力远强于对手中锋,队内新生代中锋助攻策应能力弱于老队员,前场篮板球拼抢能力已超越老队员;在减少失误方面和对手中锋有较大差距。     

Consolidation and protection by nanolime: Recent advances for the conservation of the graffiti,Carceri dello Steri Palermo and of the 18th century lunettes,SS. Giuda e Simone Cloister,Corniola (Empoli)

Nanolime dispersed in 2-propanol was extensively used for the consolidation of wall paintings. The knowledge of the advances of this methodology dealing with all the possible effects associated with the nanolime new material in conservation is fundamental to assess and improve the technique. In this paper, four different dispersions of Ca(OH)₂ nanoparticles were characterised by Small Angle X-rays Scattering technique (SAXS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) in order to achieve information on size, shape, polydispersity, agglomeration, and crystal structure (by SAED patterns) of the particles. Once characterised, the dispersions were tested in two different case studies, the Carceri dello Steri in Palermo with their graffiti and the 18th century lunettes at the SS. Giuda e Simone Cloister, Corniola (Empoli) with their lime-based mural paintings. The treated samples were characterised in relationship to either their morphology and surface chemical composition by Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-rays spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), or their water absorption and mechanical properties (resistance to material abrasion). The results obtained showed that all the dispersions were nanometrically structured and their application succeeded in recovering the mechanical properties of the painting or graffito layers, not altering their permeability to water and keeping perfectly the wall transpiration. However, the dispersions constituted of the nanoparticles obtained via a synthesis able to control size and shape of the Ca(OH)₂ particles resulted in a better performance in situ, even if the differences found by SAXS and TEM were slight.