刘禹锡贬谪诗对屈骚的继承和超越

"屈原放逐,乃赋《离骚》",由此奠定了中国贬谪文学的传统基调——骚怨。中唐诗人刘禹锡无罪遭贬,远弃蛮荒23年。他在贬谪时期的创作,继承了屈骚精神,又在一定程度上超越了屈骚的忧怨主题,形成了自己放旷与自适的风格。     

论唐五代文人宫怨词的创作原因

以宫怨为主题的诗赋创作古已有之,到唐五代颇为兴盛,而长于抒写哀怨的词体也在这一时期出现,于是宫怨主题自然延伸到了词体的创作中。唐五代时期的宫怨词多由文人创作,其时的后宫制度及状况、诗人兼写宫怨词以及文人借宫怨词抒己志,是此时期文人宫怨词创作的主要原因。     

美国公务员引咎辞职制度及其启示

美国公务员引咎辞职制度经历了弹劾制、撤职和免职制、辞职制时期,缓和了政府与公民、资产阶级内部之间的矛盾,提高了政府的工作效率,形成了严格的责任追究制度,具有惩戒、激励和释缓功能。我国应借鉴其成功经验,构建科学合理的引咎辞职标准,完善我国公务员考核制度及其“退出机制”,加快公务员制度改革,构建宽松和谐的环境,正确对领导者的权力定位,处理好“出口”和“接口”的关系。     

王船山数责朱熹“过于忠”论的原因探究

汉代以来,非议屈原之词甚众,王船山一概弃而不论,却对给予屈原以相对好评的朱熹耿耿于怀,在《楚辞通释》中多次责难朱熹的"过于忠"论。究其原因,是因为《楚辞通释》的创作目的在于传承蕴含于楚辞之中的刚烈雄健的文化精神,以号召救亡图存运动;朱熹"过于忠"论所倡导的儒雅温驯的文化精神,与船山的文化精神取向和《楚辞通释》的创作意图相左。     

Audience involvement in the epideictic discourse of television talk shows

This study examines the popularity of television talk shows by linking the manner in which they are practiced to a theory of epideictic discourse. Four principles of epideictic discourse are laid out and then applied to television talk shows. The argument is presented that today's television talk shows are resonating with viewers because the epideictic form of the genre rhetorically invites the audience to perceive of the viewing experience as meaningful at more than one level. This essay concludes that television talk shows fill a timeless need for human beings to feel involved in civic discourse.     

Childhood sexual abuse and abuse-specific attributions of blame over 6 years following discovery

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of change in attributions for childhood sexual abuse (CSA) over a 6-year period and whether such patterns were related to abuse severity, age, gender, and subsequent symptoms of depression and PTSD. METHODOLOGY: One-hundred and sixty children, 8-15 years old, were interviewed within 8 weeks of the time the CSA was reported to child protective services (i.e., the time of abuse discovery). Follow-up interviews were conducted 1-year later on 147, and 6 years later on 121 of the original participants. Abuse-specific attributions were obtained using two methods. Participants first responded to an open-ended interview question about why they believed the CSA had happened to them and then completed a rating scale about the extent to which possible attributions for the CSA applied to them (e.g., "Because I was not smart enough"). RESULTS: Over time, perpetrator-blame attributions were consistently more common than self-blame attributions for CSA (using both interview and rating measures). Youth were more likely to report self-blame attributions on the rating measure than the open-ended interview question. The interview method indicated that youth often felt confused about why the abuse happened up to a year following discovery but this response diminished by the third assessment. On average, ratings of perpetrator-blame attribution remained high over time (p<.05), whereas ratings of self-blame decreased (p<.01). Penetration was related to more self-blame (p<.05) and less perpetrator-blame (p<.05), and the use of force was related to more perpetrator-blame. The initial level of self-blame attribution ratings predicted subsequent symptoms of depression (p<.05) and intrusive experiences (p<.05) after controlling for age at abuse discovery, gender, and self-blame attributions for common events. Perpetrator-blame attributions were not related to symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that assessing responses to open-ended interview questions about the perceived reasons for the abuse and ratings of attributions are important for understanding how youth make sense of their abuse. Abuse-specific self-blame attributions at abuse discovery have a persistent effect on internalizing symptoms and should be assessed and the target of treatment as soon as possible after CSA has been reported to the authorities.     

关于"哀其不幸,怒其不争"--与刘晓鑫同志商榷

"哀其不幸,怒其不争"源于鲁迅<摩罗诗力说>,是鲁迅对拜伦在对待希腊国民情感态度上的评价,也是鲁迅对下层民众的情感态度."怒其不争"是时代的要求,也是鲁迅的时代意识、民族意识和鲜明个性的体现,表现出他对不幸民众乃至国家和民族的终极关怀.在鲁迅的文本里,"奴隶"是指受异族或同族统治阶级迫害和奴役的劳苦大众及普通百姓.     

Attributions of Blame and Credibility in a Hypothetical Child Sexual Abuse Case: Roles of victim disability,victim resistance and respondent gender

This study examines the effects victim disability (physical vs. intellectual vs. none), victim resistance (physical vs. verbal vs. none) and respondent gender (male vs. female) have on attributions of blame and credibility in a hypothetical case of child sexual abuse. Three hundred and thirty‐five respondents read a fictional police statement regarding the sexual assault of a 12‐year‐old girl by a 23‐year‐old man before completing 28 attribution items. Principal axis factoring revealed six reliable factors. Subsequent multivariate analysis of covariance—controlling for respondents’ general attitude towards disability—revealed that males deemed the victim more culpable for her own abuse than did females. Further, perpetrators were deemed more culpable when the victim physically (vs. verbally) resisted. Finally, a significant three‐way interaction suggests victim resistance influences attributions of perpetrator blame given a victim’s disability status, at least amongst male observers. Implications and proposals for future research are discussed.     

‘It’s the parents’: re-presenting parents in school bullying research

Public discourse about school bullying is frequently underscored by debates about the relative roles and responsibilities of parents and schools in preventing bullying. Such debates are often characterised by a sense of recrimination, with blame apportioned according to perceived negligence. In this article, I provide a critique of ways in which parents have been represented in school bullying research, and consider how these representations inform public discourse about parents in relation to bullying. I argue that prevailing representations of parents in terms of responsibility and risk are a product of the dominance of psychological conceptualisations of bullying as individual pathological behaviour which stems from child development problems associated with poor parenting. As I show, this is but one of a number of ways in which bullying has been conceptualised in the research literature and provides a limited view of parents in relation to a complex social and cultural problem. I suggest that post-structural approaches to bullying research provide an important opportunity to broaden our understanding of how parents are positioned in the social and institutional systems of power in which bullying, and responses to it, takes place; and to move beyond current counter-productive discourses of responsibility and blame.     

中国古典诗词中的叹逝主题

与西方文学比较而言，中国传统文学具有明显的重情倾向。但由于受我们民族特有的审美心态和生命体验方式的影响，中国古典诗词中的情感表达在无形之中被导入了一种以悲情为主的局面．并形成了一个鲜明的抒写悲情的文学主题——叹逝。大致说来，它又可分为悲秋、闺怨、功业与身世之叹，以及怀古伤今等四种不同的类型。