Covid-19: Emerging Considerations for Body Sourcing and Handling. A Perspective View from Nigeria

The current Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) pandemic has spread to about 220 countries of the world and has resulted in a significant number of deaths globally. Infections are still on the rise, and the impact on the global death rate could be devastating. There are fears over the likely impact of a large number of deaths on body sourcing and handling of cadavers for teaching and research. Historically, epidemics come with several challenges and have often led to some level of negligence of ethical practices and health and safety regulations associated with body sourcing and handling. The authors highlighted some emerging problems in this article, focusing on Africa and Nigeria in particular. These problems include a higher risk of coronavirus exposure for body handlers, shortage of cadavers for teaching and learning, a lack of standard regulations leading to unethical body sourcing and handling, and a lack of monitoring and collaboration needed for a well-coordinated Covid-19 pandemic response strategy. If these issues are ignored, the previous gains made in anatomical ethical practices may be destroyed. Some useful recommendations for policymaking geared toward prevention or curtailing these emerging issues have been instilled in this article.     

The Unintentional Effects on Body Donation Programs of a Competency-Based Curriculum in Postgraduate Medical Education

As medical programs place increasing importance on competency-based training and surgical simulations for residents, anatomy laboratories, and body donation programs find themselves in a position of adapting to changing demands. To better assess the demand for “life-like” cadaveric specimens and evaluate the possible impacts that competency-based medical education could have upon the body donation program of McGill University, Canada, the authors tracked, over the course of the last 10 years, the number of soft-embalmed specimens, along with the number of teaching sessions and the residents enrolled in competency-based programs that are using cadaveric material. The results reveal that the number of soft-embalmed specimens used within residency training increased from 5 in 2009 to 35 in 2019, representing an increase from 6% of bodies to 36.5% of the total number of body donors embalmed in this institution. Correspondingly, the number of annual teaching sessions for residents increased from 19 in 2012 to 116 in 2019. These increases in teaching are correlated with increasing number of residents enrolled in competency-based programs over the last 3 years (Pearson r ranging from 0.9705 to 0.9903, and R² ranging from 0.9418 to 0.9808). Those results suggest that the new skill-centered curricula which require residents to perform specific tasks within realistic settings, exhibit a growing demand for “life-like” cadaveric specimens. Institutions’ body donation programs must, therefore, adapt to those greater need for cadaveric specimens, which presents many challenges, ranging from the logistical to the ethical.     

不同负荷运动训练对大鼠骨骼肌线粒体三羧酸循环的影响及其机制研究

目的：探讨不同负荷运动训练对大鼠骨骼肌线粒体三羧酸循环的影响及其机制。方法：将雄性Wistar大鼠50只随机均分为5组：安静对照组（C）、低负荷运动训练组（LT）、中等负荷运动训练组（MT）、高负荷运动训练组（HT）和极高负荷运动训练组（ST），每组10只。各运动组分别进行6周的跑台运动训练。训练方案结束后，取腓肠肌样本，提取线粒体，测定线粒体柠檬酸合成酶（CS）、异柠檬酸脱氢酶（ICD）和α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶（α-KGDHC）活性；线粒体Ga²⁺含量、胞浆NADH、NAD⁺、ATP和ADP含量，以及ICD mRNA转录水平。结果：（1）不同负荷运动训练组线粒体CS、ICD和α-KGDHC的活性均显著高于安静对照组（P < 0.01），且CS和ICD活性由高到低顺序均为：MT组 > HT组 > ST组 > LT组 > C组，α-KGDHC活性由高到低顺序为：HT组 > MT组 > ST组 > LT组 > C组。（2）不同负荷运动训练组线粒体Ca²⁺ 含量均显著高于安静对照组（P < 0.01），其含量由高到低顺序为：MT组 > HT组 > ST组 > LT组 > C组；胞浆NADH/NAD⁺和ATP/ADP的比值均显著低于安静对照组（P < 0.01），其比值由低到高顺序为：MT组 < ST组 < HT组 < LT组 < C组。（3）不同负荷运动训练组ICD mRNA转录水平均高于安静对照组（P < 0.01），其水平由高到低顺序为： MT组 > HT组 > ST组 > LT组 > C组。结论：低负荷、中等负荷、高负荷及极高负荷运动训练均可提高大鼠骨骼肌线粒体三羧酸循环功能，且中等负荷运动训练效果最佳。其机制与胞浆NADH/NAD⁺和ATP/ADP比值、线粒体摄钙能力及限速酶基因的表达有关。     

A Bioethos for Bodies: Respecting a Priceless Resource

The value that willed body donors provide to medical education is priceless. Their precious gift helps to teach anatomy, spatial relationships between morphological structures, anatomical variation, and professionalism to medical students in a way that plastic models, podcasts, and lectures cannot. They are also an important resource for medical research and a wide variety of postgraduate training opportunities. While many body donation programs throughout the world are nonprofit organizations, there are body donation companies in the United States that sell donors for-profit. These “body brokers” have accumulated large profits from this business. It is incongruous that others would profit from such a priceless, freely donated gift. To prevent this incongruity, it is proposed that the international anatomical community develop a normative culture (a bioethos) for body donation programs. This would involve the conscious and systematic development of ethical principles for the day-to-day policies and practices of institutions that collect and use human bodies. With the development of this bioethos, a cultural shift in how donors are treated would occur and, over time, this would become the normal practice. These principles would become fundamental and foundational for the procurement and use of priceless human tissues.     

"以人为本"的大众健美操创编

“以人为本”的大众健美操成套动作的创编不仅要有一定的运动负荷，起到强身健体、减脂和塑造形体的作用，而且要因人而异能够调动人们的积极性，调节人们的情绪，使人们自觉、主动地参加健美操的锻炼。根据创编对象的需要及所要达到的目的不同，动作内容的选择上也应不同。动作组合、结构框架、音乐配备、编排顺序之间要合理，具有新颖、独特的风格与特点，能给人一种美的享受。     

女子大众艺术健身操锻炼效果的实验研究

以 6 0名 18岁以上女子为研究对象 ,采用自编的四套大众艺术健身操 ,每周进行三次练习 ,每次 6 0分钟。持续练习 8周。结果表明 :大众艺术健身操练习可以减小女子身体各部位的围度 ,具有改善女子的形体特征的作用。不仅有非常明显的减肥作用 ,而且具有增加瘦体重从而改变身体成分 ,达到增强体质的作用。对于体重超重和肥胖者 ,减肥和降体重 ,改善身体成分的作用更为显著。大众艺术健身操对提高女子呼吸系统、循环系统机能水平也有一定的作用。对提高女子的力量、灵敏性、平衡能力及反应速度等身体素质有显著的作用。     

高校体育教学改革研究

根据教育部下发的《全国普通高等学校体育课程教学指导纲要》，从当前国内外体育教学现状、未来高校体育教学发展趋势以及体育教学改革中的矛盾等方面进行了分析研究。     

校园网管理信息系统中ASP技术应用

校园网络系统在学校的教学和管理工作中发挥着越来越重要的作用,本文从当前Internet/Intranet及MIS系统的发展出发,在比较当前流行的数据存取及信息处理技术基础上,阐述TASP的作用与优点及其在校园网信息处理中的应用。     

冬泳对人体健康的影响

通过对 6 0名男子冬泳爱好者的问卷调查、生理指标测试和文献资料调研 ,探讨冬泳对人体健康的影响。结果表明 ,长期冬泳有助于增强人体肌肤的反应能力 ,不同程度地改善心肺功能和增强心血管系统机能 ,增强人体生理调节能力和对外界环境变化的适应能力 ,从而提高人体健康水平。     

影响体育教师参与体育教育改革三要素的分析研究

体育教育改革最终需依赖体育教师参与执行,体育教师作为体育教育改革的要素,势必成为体育教育改革的对象与主体,这需要掌握体育教师参与体育教育改革的内在要素,并建立起使体育教师主动参与体育教育改革的促进系统。本研究就体育教师自身的改革与完善,体育教师主动参与性,体育教师参与体育教育改革的内在选择系统,体育教师参与体育改革的促进系统等方面进行了论述,揭示了影响体育教师参与体育教育改革的某些问题。