The Application of The Top-down Approach in Teaching Extensive Reading

The top-down and bottom-up are two main approaches used in teaching extensive reading and both of them should be used alternatively so that students can not only understand the details but also the main ideas of reading materials.The importance of using top-down approach is emphasized and some suggestions are given on the problem that students pay so much attention on vocabulary and grammar rather than main idea in reading.     

听力理解模式及其在听力测试中的作用

聆听(Listening)是外语学习者接触外语和语音输入的主要途径之一，它对外语学习起着重要的作用。本文介绍了心理语言学的三种听力理解模式：“自下而上”模式(bottom-up)、“自上而下”模式(topdown)和“互动”模式(interactive)，并结合大学英语四级考试全真听力测试题，阐述了这三种模式对听力理解的重要指导作用。     

关于听力理解

听力理解是一个复杂、积极的过程。听者不是被动地接收听觉符号，而是要采用“自上而下”的过程(利用已知信息)和“自下而上”的过程(分析语言特点)。因此，比起其它语言能力，听力对学习者的要求更高。     

听力理解中的信息处理模式和相关策略

本文首先从理论上介绍听力理解及相关学习策略。然后通过分析笔者近期对听力认知策略使用情况的调查结果，探讨有助于听力理解的策略和信息处理模式。最后总结了影响学习者听力的问题并提出相应的建议。     

逆向教学法在电子技术课程教学中的应用

针对电子技术课程难教难学的特点,提出在教学过程中运用逆向教学法,将其与传统的教学法进行了比较.并通过实验环节及理论环节的设计来说明其具体运用以及其在电子技术课程教学中的实际效果.说明逆向教学法比传统的教学法更具优越性.     

普通高等学校学生英语阅读速度的培养

文章分析了英语阅读活动过程，揭示了自上而下和自下而上的科学阅读理解过程。在阅读活动过程理论基础上，从运用构建读者前结构、强化阅读技巧、扩大词汇量三方面入手，探讨了提高普通高校学生英语阅读速度的策略。     

重庆市钢铁存量估算及驱动力分析

钢铁存量的准确估算可为预测钢铁需求量、理论报废量、制定资源环境管理政策提供科学依据。本文以重庆市全行政区面积为研究边界,采用自下而上的方法估算了1985—2014年重庆市钢铁存量及其行业分布。研究结果表明,重庆市的钢铁总存量及人均存量在过去30年间分别增长了10倍和12倍,于2014年分别达到0.59亿t和1748kg/人;在钢铁存量的行业分布结构上,建筑钢铁存量的历年占比均达到50%以上,该结果与邯郸市、美国纽黑文市的钢铁存量行业分布模式相似。基于钢铁存量的估算结果,本文利用IPAT模型对重庆市钢铁存量的变化进行了驱动力分析,研究发现,经济发展与人口增长是重庆市钢铁存量增长的主要驱动因素,其中经济发展始终是最强劲的驱动力,而技术的负向作用表明,重庆市未来对钢铁的需求将降低。     

Stories that stayed "under the skin"

This paper is a critical reflection on students' withholding of relevant personal stories in a college classroom which was uniquely designed to validate and welcome them. The instructor in Stories Under the Skin, an interdisciplinary course in history of science at Harvard, generously shared her own stories in lectures, regularly called upon students' subjective judgement, and engaged them in explicit discussion of the value of personal experience as evidence. Still, students' reactions were those of hesitancy and questioning the appropriateness of personal stories in an academic or scientific discussion. The qualitative lens used in this research not only helps capture the polyphony of student opinions on the subject, but also serves as a key point of debate about the use of interpretive, qualitative data in an academic setting today. The paper calls on students and instructors to acknowledge the difficulty of presenting subjective experiences in the context of academic or scientific discourse, and to consider ways of legitimizing and stimulating the constructive use of personal story in a college classroom.     

教学中的“自下而上”与“自上而下”

人类的知识体系形成过程通常是从实践活动中归纳出一般结论,再用一般结论指导更多实践活动,即先自下而上后自上而下的过程,这个过程反复交叠进行。我们的教学经常会忽视自下而上的过程,而直接继承自下而上得到的结果,直接学习这些结果来解决实践问题。这种自上而下的演绎教学方式容易使学习者形成被动接受概念和结论的习惯,难以激发创造性思考。自下而上的归纳教学方式已经越来越受到重视,不过很多教材的组织仍然是自上而下的模式,从而受教材影响导致课程教学的自上而下模式。论文对于数据结构课程中入门概念,探讨如何采用先自下而上,而后自上而下相结合的模式,而不是通常的自上而下的模式。     

The policy-implementation-results linkage for education development and aid effectiveness in the Education 2030 era

Education 2030, the new global agenda for educational development, emphasises inclusion and learning outcomes. The top-down programme-based approach, a mainstay of international aid, has up to now failed in helping developing countries to meet these objectives because it tends to overlook where the link is broken between policy implementation from the ‘top’ and results ‘on the ground’. Conversely, those on the ground tackling the learning more directly do not seem to have sufficient capacity to use their experiences to inform institutional and systemic reforms, from the bottom up, as it were. The link between policy, its implementation and the results on the ground could be established through strengthened dialogue between these two approaches. Tapping into the existing knowledge and experience on teaching and learning while at the same time addressing institutional and systemic concerns would be instrumental in facilitating interaction between these two facets of international aid.