Developmental dyslexia,cerebellar/vestibular brain function and possible links to exercise-based interventions: a review

The Phonological Processing Deficit (PPD) hypothesis remains the most influential theory to explain why some children fail to acquire appropriate reading skills. However, current research suggests that there may be other deficits operating, and that the phonological processing deficit may be just one manifestation of a deeper underlying anatomical syndrome that originates in the cerebellar or vestibular areas of the brain. Claims that exercise regimes or programmes of vestibular stimulation may provide a ‘cure’ for developmental dyslexia (specific reading difficulties) prompt scepticism among the scientific community and raise concerns about the exploitation of vulnerable parents. The paper provides a review of research into the causes of specific reading difficulties at the behavioural, cognitive and biological level of explanation, and considers whether or not there is any theoretical basis for the use of exercise-based intervention programmes. Following consideration of recent findings from a range of scientific disciplines, it is concluded that such ‘unconventional’ methods of intervention may draw some theoretical support from the scientific literature, although researchers are cautioned to be wary of comorbidity issues. It is also concluded that more rigorous and independent evaluations of the success (or otherwise) of exercise-based interventions are needed.     

Combining fiber dissection,plastination, and tractography for neuroanatomical education: Revealing the cerebellar nuclei and their white matter connections

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in white matter anatomy of the human brain. With advances in brain imaging techniques, the significance of white matter integrity for brain function has been demonstrated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. As the demand for interpretation of clinical and imaging data on white matter increases, the needs for white matter anatomy education are changing. Because cross‐sectional images and formalin‐fixed brain specimens are often insufficient in visualizing the complexity of three‐dimensional (3D) white matter anatomy, obtaining a comprehensible conception of fiber tract morphology can be difficult. Fiber dissection is a technique that allows isolation of whole fiber pathways, revealing 3D structural and functional relationships of white matter in the human brain. In this study, we describe the use of fiber dissection in combination with plastination to obtain durable and easy to use 3D white matter specimens that do not require special care or conditions. The specimens can be used as a tool in teaching white matter anatomy and structural connectivity. We included four human brains and show a series of white matter specimens of both cerebrum and cerebellum focusing on the cerebellar nuclei and associated white matter tracts, as these are especially difficult to visualize in two‐dimensional specimens and demonstrate preservation of detailed human anatomy. Finally, we describe how the integration of white matter specimens with radiological information of new brain imaging techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging tractography can be used in teaching modern neuroanatomy with emphasis on structural connectivity. Anat Sci Educ. 7: 47–55. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.     

田径运动技术与平衡

田径运动中的平衡是动态平衡,活体特征使人体平衡与刚体平衡有本质区别。影响平衡的因素有小脑机能水平、肌力、身体重心位置，施力时机和心理因素等。平衡是田径运动员高效完成技术动作的基础，运动员维持平衡的方法很多，因专项而异并随运动状态的变化而变化。     

动作技能学习神经生理机制研究

动作技能学习是人类活动的基础,对人类的生存与发展具有重要意义。长期以来,侧重于动作的外显行为或部分神经活动研究,忽视从技能习得角度阐释其神经生理机制。以神经结构和功能的现有知识为基础,以动作技能学习过程为主线,梳理动作技能学习的神经生理机制,认为：大脑皮层是动作学习和控制中心,参与运动学习的不同方面。各皮层区域激发都取决于任务的特征,以确定运动的方向、计划以及最终执行。小脑主要做出时间节律调整、反馈和动作记忆的作用。皮质—基底节和皮质—小脑回路是空间和动作信息获取的关键,同时具有对动作进行反馈调整的作用。     

基于CMAC学习控制的永磁同步电机仿真研究

将一种基于CMAC神经网络的PID控制器引入到永磁同步电动机交流调速系统中,取代传统的PMSM双环控制系统中的转速外环PI控制器.仿真结果表明,运用该控制方法与规则自校正模糊控制相比具有较快的响应速度、较高的稳态精度和较强的鲁棒性.