Finding the missing Einsteins: Expanding the breadth of cognitive and noncognitive measures used in academic services

Education researchers, policymakers, and practitioners are concerned with identifying and developing talent for students with fewer opportunities, especially students from historically marginalized groups. An emerging body of research suggests “universally screening” or testing all students, then matching those students with appropriate educational challenges, is effective in helping marginalized students. However, most tests have focused on two areas: math and verbal reasoning. We leverage three nationally representative samples of the U.S. population at different time points that include both novel cognitive measures (e.g., spatial, mechanical, and abstract reasoning) and non-cognitive measures (e.g., conscientiousness, creativity or word fluency, leadership skill, and artistic skill) to uncover which measures would improve proportional representation of marginalized groups in talent identification procedures. We find that adding spatial reasoning measures in particular—as well as other non-cognitive measures such as conscientiousness, leadership, and creativity—are worthwhile to consider for universal screening procedures for students to narrow achievement gaps at every level of education, including for gifted students. By showing that these nontraditional measures both improve proportional representation of underrepresented groups and have reasonable predictive validity, we also broaden the definition of what it means to be “gifted” and expand opportunities for students from historically marginalized groups.     

Assessment in special schools: national early assessment procedures and pupils attending special schools in England

An implicit assumption that fostering inclusion means having shared systems encompassing the needs of all children is evident in many aspects of policy development over the past decade. Reflecting this, the implementation of ‘baseline assessment’ schemes (i.e. testing at around age 5 years) is a statutory requirement on all state-maintained special and mainstream schools in England since 1998. Our argument is that the enthusiasm for commonality has obscured the need to question the value and validity of baseline assessment schemes for children with special educational needs (and possibly some others such as children having English as an additional language). We illustrate this position with reference to data from our recent study on baseline assessment in England. The study encompassed survey data from a national sample of 982 schools, of which 107 were special schools. Between them, these special schools used 42 different baseline assessment schemes. Comparisons between our mainstream and special school respondents indicated that there were similarities in the nature and perceived value of the schemes used. However, special schools were less satisfied with their schemes. We suggest that a reappraisal of the nature and purpose of baseline assessment for pupils with special educational needs warrants greater critical debate. Without this, there is a danger that a stress on commonality, veiling an inclusion orthodoxy, will ultimately be counterproductive.     

指数场合下定时截尾竞争失效产品步加试验的优化设计

对指数场合下定时截尾竞争失效产品步加试验的优化设计进行了研究，并得到了优化设计的方案。推广了D.S.Bai,Y.R.Chun(1991)的结果。     

在大学入学考试中增加心理测试的构想

考试在中国有着悠久的历史渊源。随着中国历史的变迁,从两千多年前“考试”一词的出现,经历了多少次的变化,直到今天的考试制度的建立。今天的考试制度,就以有代表性的高等学校入学资格考试而论,当然不能认为是尽善尽美的,但它却承担着为国家选拔专业人才和评价教育质量的重任,并且也在不断地改革完善中。考试是工具、是方法,工具是无可指责的,关键在于怎样用它。我们希望它能发挥更积极更广泛的作用,提出了在高等学校入学考试中增加心理测验的构想。     

指数场合下定数截尾步加实验的优化设计

本文对指数场合下定数截尾步加实验的优化设计进行了研究，并得到了优化设计的方案，推广了文[2]（1989）的结果。     

重金属污染物运移耦合模型研究新进展

针对尾矿库、垃圾填埋场底部土层受荷后的力学变形特性,以及考虑土体固结变形与重金属污染物运移转化模式、途径的不确定性与模糊性,通过分析国内外有关污染物运移模型,以及考虑土体固结变形与重金属污染物运移耦合模型的研究现状,指出现阶段研究中存在的不足,并提出考虑土体固结变形与重金属污染物运移转化相互耦合时应加强考虑传输介质间的非均相、非线性,建立综合考虑应力场、渗流场、浓度场、化学场,以及双电层引力场的重金属污染物运移转化模型,特别是在特殊土(如膨胀土、红黏土等)中建立土体固结变形与重金属污染物运移耦合模型以及计算方法,是今后研究工作的研究重点与发展方向。     

动力排水固结法在连云港软土地区的应用研究

连云港海相软土具有含水量高、压缩性高、孔隙比高、强度低等特点,其工程性质较差,是该地区基础设计的重点和难点。结合某海相软土的加固处理工程,阐述了动力排水固结的加固机理,并对其加固效果进行了分析。检测结果显示,动力排水固结法处理连云港软粘土场地可以取得良好效果,其经验可供类似工程参考。     

Exploring a new silent test of phonological awareness

This is the preliminary study of a test of phonologicalawareness which does not require that subjects speak or hear toparticipate. The test was designed to minimize memory loads, and tomeasure speeded written naming and segmentation-by-sound. Spelling datacan also be collected. Subjects have 45 seconds to name items in each oftwo sets of line drawings. The average frequency of the names variesacross these sets. In the third set, subjects must name the items, andalso segment the written names into their constituent sounds. This taskwas administered to disabled and normally-reading adults, with twocommon tests of phonological awareness. The new test discriminatedbetween the readers as reliably as the benchmark tasks, correlating witheach better than they correlated with each other. The new test was thenadministered to deaf adults, who performed similarly to the disabled(hearing) readers. The data represent the first direct demonstration ofphonological abilities in deaf subjects, using a task designedspecifically for that purpose.