科学资本理论观照下的德国编外讲师制度

编外讲师制度是一种非理性制度,具有反组织、反程序倾向,但它是洪堡理想学术自由理念的堡垒.其核心价值观是学术人员必须对学术研究持有一种虔诚信仰,使学术队伍建设具有筛选功能,令真正"以学术为业者"成为学术精英.在科学资本理论观照下,编外讲师制度强调引导教师重视积累科学资本.借鉴其积极因素,我国大学在提升核心竞争力的过程中,既要通过建章立制来激励教师提升学术质量和品味,也要重视培育献身学术研究的精神.     

Volunteers as Products of a Zoo Conservation Education Program

Zoos embrace docents/volunteers as a means of interpreting the threats to wildlife and biodiversity to visitors. To accomplish this, zoos provide docents’ education, training, and work experience. Docents themselves also engage in solitary and social wildlife experiences outside of their volunteer obligations. This study examined what motivates docents and how they change as part of their experience. Results from a mailback questionnaire (91% response rate, n = 365) documented that both altruistic (interpreting wildlife to visitors) and egoistic (learning about wildlife themselves; socializing with like-minded others) motivations were predictive of continuing satisfaction with their volunteer experiences. Docents also reported starting or increasing many conservation behaviors after beginning to volunteer at the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. Docents with more years of experience tended to report more involvement with conservation behaviors. Results support an environmental socialization framework to explain the impacts of an environmental training program. Implications for future research and practice are presented.     

编外讲师:德国大学学术自由传统的“阿基米德点”

"编外讲师"(private docent)制度是洪堡创办的柏林大学以及以柏林大学为样板的所有德意志大学的一种制度创新,是19世纪德国大学的现代转向的标志,是德国大学学术自由最为本质的制度保障。"编外讲师"到教授的晋升是通过"大学学部提名"、"直接磋商"、"政府任命"等三个步骤实现的,是德国学者进入学术生涯的起点,"编外讲师"的存在对19世纪德国大学的学术兴盛起到了非常积极的作用。     

"编外讲师"——德国学术职业生涯的独特设计

编外讲师是19世纪德国学术职业生涯整体设计的一个创新,它与讲座教授分别作为起点和顶点,共同构成完整但陡峭、充满风险但富有吸引力的德国学术职业道路.编外讲师制度为我们思考如何选拔学术接班人、如何晋升教授、如何激励大学教师等问题提供了有益的启示.