"主试"与"被试"——马尔克斯《巨翅老人》叙事结构分析

对《巨翅老人》叙事结构的解读,是把握该小说思想内涵的关键所在。小说中叙事者?巨翅老人与众人之间的关系可比喻为实验心理学中主试?实验设计?被试之间的关系。巨翅老人与蜘蛛女孩是自变量,在叙事结构中地位十分重要,但却不是作家要表现的主要对象,被试众人的因变量才是作家要观照?反映的主要对象,被试才是主要的角色。     

从作为证据的实验到作为实践的实验——对“实验者回归”的哲学反思

实验者回归是对整体论激进的歪曲,也是对维特根斯坦的一种社会学解读,它认为意会知识的存在使实验可复制性不可能,把实验作为一种反映论意义上的表征证据。在维特根斯坦后期哲学、波兰尼的著作与当前科学实践哲学研究中,我们可以发现,实验是科学家长期实践的历史过程,而不是一种无历史感的单向的表征关系。正是在这一历史过程中,意会认知的整体协同作用使理论与实验之间的复杂相互作用能够实现实验的可重复性。     

高校实验员队伍建设刍议

实验室是高校培养技术型人才的基地,切实抓好实验室建设将大大提升高校的办学质量。实验员是实验室的核心组成部分,实验员队伍建设将直接影响实验室的发展建设。针对实验员队伍建设存在的主要问题,提出有效的解决方法及合理化建议。     

自制摩擦力实验器

介绍了摩擦力实验器的制作和使用方法。     

Experimenter Effects in Exercise Tolerance Testing: The Race and Gender of the Tester and the Tester/Subject Relationship

Abstract

Two studies examined the effects of the experimenter on heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and time to voluntary exhaustion on a graded treadmill test in college students. The first study determined the effects of the gender and race of the tester on black and white subjects of both sexes. Four testers (black female—BFT, white female—WFT, black male—BMT, and white male—WMT) tested 5 subjects of each gender and race. Differences based on gender and race were determined by a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA. The second study dealt with the tester/subject relationship. One tester tested 20 subjects. Ten were his friends (5 males, 5 females) and 10 (5 males, 5 females) did not know him. Differences were determined by 2 × 2 ANOVA. In both studies, the female subjects had poorer performance than the males. HR during moderate and heavy exercise was not affected by the race and gender of the tester or the tester/subject relationship. For time to exhaustion, white female subjects (WFS) exercised longer when being tested by a female but black female subjects (BFS) had a longer total time with male testers. Significant interactions occurred for HR at rest and at various times during light work for both studies. There were also significant interactions for RPE at various stages of light, moderate and heavy exercise for both studies. For subjects unaccustomed to exercise testing, it appears that the effects of the race and gender of the tester and the tester/subject relationship predominate at rest and during light work. Fewer effects are observed during moderate and heavy work. Many of the results in these studies are consistent with societal roles and expectations for males and females, blacks and whites. A consistent testing environment can minimize the influence of extrinsic testing variables.     

什么是“实验者的回归”论题——兼评柯林斯的科学观

＂实验者的回归＂论题是柯林斯在追踪引力波案例时,发现在科学争论中存在的一种循环现象,构成其科学观的核心内容,也可看做是他对＂归纳问题＂的社会学解答。柯林斯在归纳出两种回归类型——是回归到实验结果,二是回归到基本信念的同时,指明了打破回归的两种路径——是实验＂校准＂,二是社会磋商。该论题自提出以来,在学界产生了广泛的影响,也受到了褒贬不一的批评。该论题的提出,为更合理地理解科学提供了新的视角,促使我们回过头来对传统科学观进行重新反思,彰显了重建科学观的迫切性。     

闭合电路欧姆定律投影实验器的研制巧用

介绍了闭合电路欧姆定律投影实验器的研制和使用方法。