Covid-19: Emerging Considerations for Body Sourcing and Handling. A Perspective View from Nigeria

The current Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) pandemic has spread to about 220 countries of the world and has resulted in a significant number of deaths globally. Infections are still on the rise, and the impact on the global death rate could be devastating. There are fears over the likely impact of a large number of deaths on body sourcing and handling of cadavers for teaching and research. Historically, epidemics come with several challenges and have often led to some level of negligence of ethical practices and health and safety regulations associated with body sourcing and handling. The authors highlighted some emerging problems in this article, focusing on Africa and Nigeria in particular. These problems include a higher risk of coronavirus exposure for body handlers, shortage of cadavers for teaching and learning, a lack of standard regulations leading to unethical body sourcing and handling, and a lack of monitoring and collaboration needed for a well-coordinated Covid-19 pandemic response strategy. If these issues are ignored, the previous gains made in anatomical ethical practices may be destroyed. Some useful recommendations for policymaking geared toward prevention or curtailing these emerging issues have been instilled in this article.     

The Unintentional Effects on Body Donation Programs of a Competency-Based Curriculum in Postgraduate Medical Education

As medical programs place increasing importance on competency-based training and surgical simulations for residents, anatomy laboratories, and body donation programs find themselves in a position of adapting to changing demands. To better assess the demand for “life-like” cadaveric specimens and evaluate the possible impacts that competency-based medical education could have upon the body donation program of McGill University, Canada, the authors tracked, over the course of the last 10 years, the number of soft-embalmed specimens, along with the number of teaching sessions and the residents enrolled in competency-based programs that are using cadaveric material. The results reveal that the number of soft-embalmed specimens used within residency training increased from 5 in 2009 to 35 in 2019, representing an increase from 6% of bodies to 36.5% of the total number of body donors embalmed in this institution. Correspondingly, the number of annual teaching sessions for residents increased from 19 in 2012 to 116 in 2019. These increases in teaching are correlated with increasing number of residents enrolled in competency-based programs over the last 3 years (Pearson r ranging from 0.9705 to 0.9903, and R² ranging from 0.9418 to 0.9808). Those results suggest that the new skill-centered curricula which require residents to perform specific tasks within realistic settings, exhibit a growing demand for “life-like” cadaveric specimens. Institutions’ body donation programs must, therefore, adapt to those greater need for cadaveric specimens, which presents many challenges, ranging from the logistical to the ethical.     

Between Policy and Practice: Archival Descriptions,Digital Returns and a Place for Coalescing Narratives

ABSTRACT

The Strathfieldsaye Estate collection at the University of Melbourne Archives is discussed in relation to recognising, protecting and reclaiming Koori (First Peoples of southeast Australia) heritage. The settler collection includes early 1900s photographs of Koori people within two distinct albums – a family album that includes a series of studio portraits of Koori adults and children, and an album depicting Koori families on Ramahyuck Aboriginal Mission Station. In the past, these albums have been defined by, and limited to, traditional archiving practices excluding Koori interpretation, authorship and social context. Restoring Koori ownership and authorship of intangible heritage plays a large part in consolidating ancestor photographs with Koori perspectives of identity and culture.     

A Bioethos for Bodies: Respecting a Priceless Resource

The value that willed body donors provide to medical education is priceless. Their precious gift helps to teach anatomy, spatial relationships between morphological structures, anatomical variation, and professionalism to medical students in a way that plastic models, podcasts, and lectures cannot. They are also an important resource for medical research and a wide variety of postgraduate training opportunities. While many body donation programs throughout the world are nonprofit organizations, there are body donation companies in the United States that sell donors for-profit. These “body brokers” have accumulated large profits from this business. It is incongruous that others would profit from such a priceless, freely donated gift. To prevent this incongruity, it is proposed that the international anatomical community develop a normative culture (a bioethos) for body donation programs. This would involve the conscious and systematic development of ethical principles for the day-to-day policies and practices of institutions that collect and use human bodies. With the development of this bioethos, a cultural shift in how donors are treated would occur and, over time, this would become the normal practice. These principles would become fundamental and foundational for the procurement and use of priceless human tissues.     

馆藏文献是人类文明的共同记忆——《中国图书馆员职业道德准则》试行有感

爱护文献资源是《中国图书馆员职业道德准则》规定的每个馆员应遵守的道德准则。图书馆员应树立馆藏文献是人类文明记忆的理念 ,建立科学管理制度 ,做到片纸不丢。规范职业行为 ,必须具有爱护文献资源的理念和品格。参考文献 3。     

外员使用的外部效应及其内在化途径研究

对外员使用的管理一直是我国体育职业化改革进程中所面临的一个问题.引入经济学中外部效应的概念和理论,并借助于数学模型分析了外员使用对联赛效用的影响.并通过介绍环境污染外部效应的解决途径,分析了国外职业体育中的相应政策.最后以CBA为例,提出了总量控制与可交易外员使用许可证的建议,以使外员的使用最大化联赛的效用.     

甘肃省县级体育发展的外部环境因素分析

采用专家访谈、文献资料调研、实证研究等方法,对甘肃省县级体育发展的社会、经济诸方面外部环境因素进行分析,旨在对当前甘肃省县级体育现代化发展状况及今后的发展趋势有一个宏观性的把握。结果表明:1)甘肃省县级体育现代化发展的社会经济基础薄弱,总体水平欠发达,且位于黄河以西、黄河以东地区的县差距较大;2)经济水平固然是县级体育事业发展的第一制约因素,这里除了文化氛围和体育意识外,体育地理应该是起决定作用的;3)甘肃省县级体育是一种政府主导型体育,县体育局在县级体育发展中具有很强的放大或收缩效应。     

内部、外部视觉表象和动觉表象对运动成绩的影响

章对内、外部视觉表象和动觉表象的定义进行了阐述；就内、外部视觉表象和动觉表象对运动成绩的影响，以及对这种影响的解释等进行了综合分析；讨论了现有研究存在的问题，并指出了今后该类研究的方向。     

人的主体性及其道德思考

人的主体性一直是西方近现代哲学的中心问题 ,也是现代文明的核心内容。人类主体积极、能动的创造性活动推动了人类社会文明发展 ,也带来了一系列的社会问题。人的主体性活动由于本身所具有的局限性 ,必然要受到各种主客观条件的制约 ,其中 ,道德是主体实践活动健康发展的重要条件。道德一方面制约人的行为 ,另一方面激励人们去追求和发展 ,为主体性的发挥提供更广阔的空间     

浅谈我国数字图书馆建设中的几个问题

详细阐述了构建数字图书馆的外部环境及其所面临的技术挑战，为中国数字图书馆的建设和发展提供了必要的参考。